VC和Python的互相呼叫
- 1. 把Python嵌入到C++應用程式中,在C++程式中呼叫Python函式和獲得變數的值;
- 2. 用C++為Python編寫擴充套件模組(動態連結庫),在Python程式中呼叫C++開發的擴充套件功能函式。
常用的Python/C API介紹
下面是例子中用到的幾個Python/C API的簡要介紹及示例程式碼。注意,這並不是這些函式的詳細介紹,而僅僅是我們所用到的功能簡介,更詳細內容請參考文件[1]、[2]、[3]、[4]。
開啟Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003,新建一個控制檯程式,#include <Python.h>,並在main函式里加入示例程式碼。
//先定義一些變數
char *cstr;
PyObject *pstr, *pmod, *pdict;
PyObject *pfunc, *pargs;
1. void Py_Initialize( ) 初始化Python直譯器,在C++程式中使用其它Python/C API之前,必須呼叫此函式,如果呼叫失敗,將產生一個致命的錯誤。例:
Py_Initialize();
2. int PyRun_SimpleString( const char *command)執行一段Python程式碼,就好象是在__main__ 函式裡面執行一樣。例:
3. PyObject* PyImport_ImportModule( char *name)PyRun_SimpleString("from time import time,ctime\n" "print ''Today is'',ctime(time())\n");
匯入一個Python模組,引數name可以是*.py檔案的檔名。相當於Python內建函式__import__()。例:
pmod = PyImport_ImportModule("mymod"); //mymod.py
4. PyObject* PyModule_GetDict( PyObject *module) 相當於Python模組物件的__dict__ 屬性,得到模組名稱空間下的字典物件。例:
pdict = PyModule_GetDict(pmod);
5. PyObject* PyRun_String( const char *str, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)執行一段Python程式碼。
pstr = PyRun_String("message", Py_eval_input, pdict, pdict);
6. int PyArg_Parse( PyObject *args, char *format, ...)
解構Python資料為C的型別,這樣C程式中才可以使用Python裡的資料。例:
/* convert to C and print it*/
PyArg_Parse(pstr, "s", &cstr);
printf("%s\n", cstr);
7. PyObject* PyObject_GetAttrString( PyObject *o, char *attr_name)返回模組物件o中的attr_name 屬性或函式,相當於Python中表達式語句:o.attr_name。例:
/* to call mymod.transform(mymod.message) */
pfunc = PyObject_GetAttrString(pmod, "transform");
8. PyObject* Py_BuildValue( char *format, ...)構建一個引數列表,把C型別轉換為Python物件,使Python可以使用C型別資料,例:
cstr="this is hjs''s test, to uppercase";
pargs = Py_BuildValue("(s)", cstr);
9. PyEval_CallObject(PyObject* pfunc, PyObject* pargs)此函式有兩個引數,都指向Python物件指標,pfunc是要呼叫的Python 函式,通常可用PyObject_GetAttrString()獲得;pargs是函式的引數列表,通常可用Py_BuildValue()構建。例:
pstr = PyEval_CallObject(pfunc, pargs);
PyArg_Parse(pstr, "s", &cstr);
printf("%s\n", cstr);
10. void Py_Finalize( ) 關閉Python直譯器,釋放直譯器所佔用的資源。例:
Py_Finalize();
Python2.4環境沒有提供除錯版本的Python24d.lib,所以上述示例在release模式下編譯。編譯完成後,把可行檔案和附2給出的mymod.py檔案放在一起,再點選即可執行。為了簡化程式設計,附3 給出了simplepy.h。這樣,呼叫mymod.transform變成如下形式:
//#include”simplepy.h”
CSimplepy py;
py.ImportModule("mymod");
std::string str=py.CallObject("transform",
"this is hjs''s test, to uppercase");
printf("%s\n", str.c_str());
接下來,我們來用C++為Python編寫擴充套件模組(動態連結庫),並在Python程式中呼叫C++開發的擴充套件功能函式。生成一個取名為pyUtil的Win32 DLL工程,除了pyUtil.cpp檔案以外,從工程中移除所有其它檔案,並填入如下的程式碼:
// pyUtil.cpp #ifdef PYUTIL_EXPORTS #define PYUTIL_API __declspec(dllexport) #else #define PYUTIL_API __declspec(dllimport) #endif #include<windows.h> #include<string> #include<Python.h> BOOL APIENTRY DllMain( HANDLE hModule, DWORD ul_reason_for_call, LPVOID lpReserved ?) { switch (ul_reason_for_call) { case DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH: case DLL_THREAD_ATTACH: case DLL_THREAD_DETACH: case DLL_PROCESS_DETACH: break; } return TRUE; } std::string Recognise_Img(const std::string url) { //返回結果 return "從dll中返回的資料... : " +url; } static PyObject* Recognise(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) { const char *url; std::string sts; if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &url)) return NULL; sts = Recognise_Img(url); return Py_BuildValue("s", sts.c_str() ); } static PyMethodDef AllMyMethods[] = { {"Recognise", Recognise, METH_VARARGS},//暴露給Python的函式 {NULL, NULL} /* Sentinel */ }; extern "C" PYUTIL_API void initpyUtil() { PyObject *m, *d; m = Py_InitModule("pyUtil", AllMyMethods); //初始化本模組,並暴露函式 d = PyModule_GetDict(m); }在Python程式碼中呼叫這個動態連結庫:
import pyUtil
result = pyUtil.Recognise("input url of specific data")
print "the result is: "+ result
用C++為Python寫擴充套件時,如果您願意使用Boost.Python庫的話,開發過程會變得更開心J,要編寫一個與上述pyUtil同樣功能的動態連結庫,只需把檔案內容替換為下面的程式碼。當然,編譯需要boost_python.lib支援,執行需要boost_python.dll支援。
#include<string>
#include <boost/python.hpp>
using namespace boost::python;
#pragma comment(lib, "boost_python.lib")
std::string strtmp;
char const* Recognise(const char* url)
{
strtmp ="從dll中返回的資料... : ";
strtmp+=url;
return strtmp.c_str();
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(pyUtil)
{
def("Recognise", Recognise);
}
所有示例都在Microsoft Windows XP Professional + Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003 + Python2.4環境下測試通過,本文所用的Boost庫為1.33版本。
參考資料
[1] Python Documentation Release 2.4.1. 2005.3.30,如果您以預設方式安裝了Python2.4,那麼該文件的位置在C:\Program Files\Python24\Doc\Python24.chm;
[2] Michael Dawson. Python Programming for the Absolute Beginner. Premier Press. 2003;
[3] Mark Lutz. Programming Python, 2nd Edition. O''Reilly. 2001.3;
[4] Mark Hammond, Andy Robinson. Python Programming on Win32. O''Reilly. 2000.1;
Python主頁:http://www.python.org;
Boost庫主面:www.boost.org;
附1 text.txt
this is test text in text.txt.
附2 mymod.pyimport string
message = ''original string''
message =message+message
msg_error=""
try:
text_file = open("text.txt", "r")
whole_thing = text_file.read()
print whole_thing
text_file.close()
except IOError, (errno, strerror):
print "I/O error(%s): %s" % (errno, strerror)
def transform(input):
#input = string.replace(input, ''life'', ''Python'')
return string.upper(input)
def change_msg(nul):
global message #如果沒有此行,message是函式裡頭的區域性變數
message=''string changed''
return message
def r_file(nul):
return whole_thing
def get_msg(nul):
return message
附3 simplepy.h#ifndef _SIMPLEPY_H_
#define _SIMPLEPY_H_
// simplepy.h v1.0
// Purpose: facilities for Embedded Python.
// by hujinshan @2005年9月2日9:13:02
#include
using std::string;
#include
//--------------------------------------------------------------------
// Purpose: ease the job to embed Python into C++ applications
// by hujinshan @2005年9月2日9:13:18
//--------------------------------------------------------------------
class CSimplepy // : private noncopyable
{
public:
///constructor
CSimplepy()
{
Py_Initialize();
pstr=NULL, pmod=NULL, pdict=NULL;
pfunc=NULL, pargs=NULL;
}
///destructor
virtual ~CSimplepy()
{
Py_Finalize();
}
///import the user module
bool ImportModule(const char* mod_name)
{
try{
pmod = PyImport_ImportModule(const_cast(mod_name));
if(pmod==NULL)
return false;
pdict = PyModule_GetDict(pmod);
}
catch(...)
{
return false;
}
if(pmod!=NULL && pdict!=NULL)
return true;
else
return false;
}
///Executes the Python source code from command in the __main__ module.
///If __main__ does not already exist, it is created.
///Returns 0 on success or -1 if an exception was raised.
///If there was an error, there is no way to get the exception information.
int Run_SimpleString(const char* str)
{
return PyRun_SimpleString(const_cast(str) );
}
///PyRun_String("message", Py_eval_input, pdict, pdict);
///Execute Python source code from str in the context specified by the dictionaries globals.
///The parameter start specifies the start token that should be used to parse the source code.
///Returns the result of executing the code as a Python object, or NULL if an exception was raised.
string Run_String(const char* str)
{
char *cstr;
pstr = PyRun_String(str, Py_eval_input, pdict, pdict);
if(pstr==NULL)
throw ("when Run_String, there is an exception was raised by Python environment.");
PyArg_Parse(pstr, "s", &cstr);
return string(cstr);
}
///support olny one parameter for python function, I think it''s just enough.
string CallObject(const char* func_name, const char* parameter)
{
pfunc=NULL;
pfunc = PyObject_GetAttrString(pmod, const_cast(func_name));
if(pfunc==NULL)
throw (string("do not found in Python module for: ")
+func_name).c_str();
char* cstr;
pargs = Py_BuildValue("(s)", const_cast(parameter));
pstr = PyEval_CallObject(pfunc, pargs);
if(pstr==NULL)
throw ("when PyEval_CallObject, there is an exception was raised by Python environment");
PyArg_Parse(pstr, "s", &cstr);
return string(cstr);
}
//PyObject *args;
//args = Py_BuildValue("(si)", label, count); /* make arg-list */
//pres = PyEval_CallObject(Handler, args);
protected:
PyObject *pstr, *pmod, *pdict;
PyObject *pfunc, *pargs;
};
#endif // _SIMPLEPY_H_
// end of file