java程式設計思想 第 10 章 內部類
將一個類的定義放在另一類的定義內部,這就是內部類
一、 建立內部類
把內部類的定義置於外圍類的裡面:
//: innerclasses/Parcel1.java
// Creating inner classes.
public class Parcel1 {
class Contents {
private int i = 11;
public int value() { return i; }
}
class Destination {
private String label;
Destination(String whereTo) {
label = whereTo;
}
String readLabel() { return label; }
}
// Using inner classes looks just like
// using any other class, within Parcel1:
public void ship(String dest) {
Contents c = new Contents();
Destination d = new Destination(dest);
System.out.println(d.readLabel());
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Parcel1 p = new Parcel1();
p.ship("Tasmania");
}
} /* Output:
Tasmania
*///:~
ship()方法使用內部類與使用外部類沒有區別。內部類的名稱巢狀在外部類的裡面。
更多的情況是外部類的方法返回一個內部類的引用。
就像下面的to()和content()方法一樣。
//: innerclasses/Parcel2.java
// Returning a reference to an inner class.
public class Parcel2 {
class Contents {
private int i = 11;
public int value() { return i; }
}
class Destination {
private String label;
Destination(String whereTo) {
label = whereTo;
}
String readLabel() { return label; }
}
public Destination to(String s) {
return new Destination(s);
}
public Contents contents() {
return new Contents();
}
public void ship(String dest) {
Contents c = contents();
Destination d = to(dest);
System.out.println(d.readLabel());
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Parcel2 p = new Parcel2();
p.ship("Tasmania");
Parcel2 q = new Parcel2();
// Defining references to inner classes:
Parcel2.Contents c = q.contents();
Parcel2.Destination d = q.to("Borneo");
}
} /* Output:
Tasmania
*///:~
如果想從外部類的非靜態方法之外的任意位置建立某個內部類物件。必須像main()方法一樣,具體指明這個物件的型別:OuterClassName.InnerClassName
練習1:
// innerclasses/Outer1.java
// TIJ4 Chapter Innerclasses, Exercise 1, page 347
/* Write a class named Outer that contains an inner class named Innet.
* Add a method to Outer that returns an object of type Inner. In main(),
* create and initialize a reference to an Inner.
*/
public class Outer1 {
class Inner {
Inner() { System.out.println("Inner()"); }
}
Outer1() { System.out.println("Outer1()"); }
// make an Inner from within a non-static method of outer class:
Inner makeInner() {
return new Inner();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Outer1 o = new Outer1();
Inner i = o.makeInner();
}
}
#output
Outer1()
Inner()
二、連結到外部類
當生成一個內部類物件時,內部物件對外部類的所有成員具有訪問許可權,沒有任何限制。
//: innerclasses/Sequence.java
// Holds a sequence of Objects.
interface Selector {
boolean end();
Object current();
void next();
}
public class Sequence {
private Object[] items;
private int next = 0;
public Sequence(int size) { items = new Object[size]; }
public void add(Object x) {
if(next < items.length)
items[next++] = x;
}
private class SequenceSelector implements Selector {
private int i = 0;
public boolean end() { return i == items.length; }
public Object current() { return items[i]; }
public void next() { if(i < items.length) i++; }
}
public Selector selector() {
return new SequenceSelector();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Sequence sequence = new Sequence(10);
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
sequence.add(Integer.toString(i));
Selector selector = sequence.selector();
while(!selector.end()) {
System.out.print(selector.current() + " ");
selector.next();
}
}
} /* Output:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
*///:~
Sequence類內部有一個Object[]陣列,為了訪問該陣列,可以通過內部類SequenceSelector.內部類SequenceSelector用到了外部類的items變數,該變數是一個引用。這個就是迭代器設計模式的一個例子。
內部類自動擁有對外部類所有成員的訪問許可權。這是因為外部類物件建立內部類物件時,內部類物件會祕密擁有一個指向外部類物件的引用,使用外部 類的成員時,內部類物件通過外部類物件的引用來訪問外部類的成員。這個細節由編譯器處理。
對於非static修飾的內部類,只能通過外部類物件的一個引用來建立。
練習2:
// innerclasses/Sequence2.java
// TIJ4 Chapter Innerclasses, Exercise 2, page 350
/* Create a class that holds a String, and has a toString() method that
* displays this String. Add several instances of your new class to a
* Sequence ojbect, then display them.
*/
class Word {
private String word;
public Word(String s) { word = s; }
public String toString() { return word; }
}
interface Selector {
boolean end();
Object current();
void next();
}
public class Sequence2 {
private Object[] items;
private int next = 0;
public Sequence2(int size) { items = new Object[size]; }
public void add(Object x) {
if(next < items.length)
items[next++] = x;
}
private class SequenceSelector implements Selector {
private int i = 0;
public boolean end() { return i == items.length; }
public Object current() { return items[i]; }
public void next() { if(i < items.length) i++; }
}
public Selector selector() {
return new SequenceSelector();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Sequence2 sequence = new Sequence2(10);
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
sequence.add(new Word(Integer.toString(i)));
Selector selector = sequence.selector();
while(!selector.end()) {
System.out.print(selector.current() + " ");
selector.next();
}
Word w1 = new Word("Peace");
Word w2 = new Word("Love");
Word w3 = new Word("Easter");
Sequence2 message = new Sequence2(3);
message.add(w1);
message.add(w2);
message.add(w3);
Selector sel = message.selector();
while(!sel.end()) {
System.out.print(sel.current() + " ");
sel.next();
}
}
}
# output
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Peace Love Easter
練習3:
// innerclasses/Outer3.java
// TIJ4 Chapter Innerclasses, Exercise 3, page 350
/* Modify Exercise 1 so that Outer has a private String field (initialized
* by the constructor), and Inner has a toString() that displays this field.
* Create an object of type Inner and display it.
*/
public class Outer3 {
private String s;
class Inner3 {
Inner3() { System.out.println("Inner()"); }
public String toString() { return s; }
}
Outer3(String s) {
System.out.println("Outer1()");
this.s = s;
}
Inner3 makeInner3() {
return new Inner3();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Outer3 o = new Outer3("Hi is risen!");
Inner3 i = o.makeInner3();
System.out.println(i.toString());
}
}
# output
Outer1()
Inner()
Hi is risen!
三、使用.this和new
如果需要在內部類中獲取外部類物件的引用,使用外部類名緊跟圓點和this即可獲取外部類物件的正確引用。
例如下列:
//: innerclasses/DotThis.java
// Qualifying access to the outer-class object.
public class DotThis {
void f() { System.out.println("DotThis.f()"); }
public class Inner {
public DotThis outer() {
return DotThis.this;
// A plain "this" would be Inner's "this"
}
}
public Inner inner() { return new Inner(); }
public static void main(String[] args) {
DotThis dt = new DotThis();
DotThis.Inner dti = dt.inner();
dti.outer().f();
}
} /* Output:
DotThis.f()
*///:~
要想建立一個內部類物件,必須在new表示式中提供對其它外部類物件的引用。這需要.new 語法。
//: innerclasses/DotNew.java
// Creating an inner class directly using the .new syntax.
public class DotNew {
public class Inner {}
public static void main(String[] args) {
DotNew dn = new DotNew();
DotNew.Inner dni = dn.new Inner();
}
} ///:~
如果想要直接建立內部類物件,不能使用new new Outer.Inner()建立物件,必須使用外部類物件來建立內類物件。
在擁有外部類物件之前,是不能建立內部類物件的。這是因為內部類物件建立時必須繫結到一個外部類物件。如果是巢狀類(靜態內部類)則可以直接建立內部類物件。
//: innerclasses/Parcel3.java
// Using .new to create instances of inner classes.
public class Parcel3 {
class Contents {
private int i = 11;
public int value() { return i; }
}
class Destination {
private String label;
Destination(String whereTo) { label = whereTo; }
String readLabel() { return label; }
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Parcel3 p = new Parcel3();
// Must use instance of outer class
// to create an instance of the inner class:
Parcel3.Contents c = p.new Contents();
Parcel3.Destination d = p.new Destination("Tasmania");
}
} ///:~
練習4:
// innerclasses/Sequence4.java
// TIJ4 Chapter Innerclasses, Exercise 4, page 352
/* Add a method to the class Sequence.SequenceSelector that produces the
* reference to the outer class Sequence.
*/
interface Selector {
boolean end();
Object current();
void next();
}
public class Sequence4 {
private Object[] items;
private int next = 0;
// to test SequenceSelector sequence4() in main():
public void test() { System.out.println("Sequence4.test()"); }
public Sequence4(int size) { items = new Object[size]; }
public void add(Object x) {
if(next < items.length)
items[next++] = x;
}
private class SequenceSelector implements Selector {
private int i = 0;
public boolean end() { return i == items.length; }
public Object current() { return items[i]; }
public void next() { if(i < items.length) i++; }
// method to produce outer class reference:
public Sequence4 sequence4() { return Sequence4.this; }
}
public Selector selector() {
return new SequenceSelector();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Sequence4 sequence = new Sequence4(10);
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
sequence.add(Integer.toString(i));
Selector selector = sequence.selector();
while(!selector.end()) {
System.out.print(selector.current() + " ");
selector.next();
}
// cast and test:
((SequenceSelector)selector).sequence4().test();
}
}
四、內部類和向上轉型
將內部類向上轉型為其父類或實現的介面時,能夠獲得指向內部類父類或介面的引用。隱藏內部類實現的細節。
兩個介面:
//: innerclasses/Contents.java
public interface Contents {
int value();
} ///:~
//: innerclasses/Destination.java
public interface Destination {
String readLabel();
} ///:~
Contents和Destination表示客戶端程式設計師可用的介面。(介面所有成員被自動設為public)
當取得了一個指向基類或介面的引用時,甚至無法找出它確切的型別
//: innerclasses/TestParcel.java
class Parcel4 {
private class PContents implements Contents {
private int i = 11;
public int value() { return i; }
}
protected class PDestination implements Destination {
private String label;
private PDestination(String whereTo) {
label = whereTo;
}
public String readLabel() { return label; }
}
public Destination destination(String s) {
return new PDestination(s);
}
public Contents contents() {
return new PContents();
}
}
public class TestParcel {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Parcel4 p = new Parcel4();
Contents c = p.contents();
Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania");
// Illegal -- can't access private class:
//! Parcel4.PContents pc = p.new PContents();
}
} ///:~
Parcel4有兩個內部類:內部類PCcontents是private ,所以該類只能在Parcel4類中被訪問,其它類無法訪問。PDestination類是Protected,所以它只能被Parcel4以及Parcel4子類、同一個包中的類訪問
練習6:
// innerclasses/Ex6.java
// TIJ4 Chapter Innerclasses, Exercise 6, page 353
/* Create an interface with at least one method, in its own package. Create
* a class in a separate package. Add a protected inner class that
* implements the interface. In a third package, inherit from your class and
* inside a method, return an object of the protected inner class, upcasting
* to the interface during the return.
*/
/* // in separate package:
* public interface Ex6Interface {
* String say();
* }
*
* // and in a second package:
* public class Ex6Base {
* protected class Ex6BaseInner implements Ex6Interface {
* // need public constructor to create one in Ex6Base child:
* public Ex6BaseInner() { }
* public String say() { return "Hi"; }
* }
* }
*/
import innerclasses.ex6Interface.*;
import innerclasses.ex6Base.*;
public class Ex6 extends Ex6Base {
Ex6Interface getBaseInner() {
return this.new Ex6BaseInner();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Ex6 ex = new Ex6();
System.out.println(ex.getBaseInner().say());
}
}
練習7:
// innerclasses/Outer7.java
// TIJ4 Chapter Innerclasses, Exercise 7, page 354
/* Create a class with a private field and a private method. Create an
* inner class with a method that modifies the outer-class field and calls
* the outer class method. In a second outer-class method, create an object
* of the inner class and call its method, then show the effect on the
* outer-class object.
*/
class Outer7 {
private int oi = 1;
private void hi() { System.out.println("Outer hi"); }
class Inner {
void modifyOuter() {
oi *= 2;
hi();
}
}
public void showOi() { System.out.println(oi); }
void testInner() {
Inner in = new Inner();
in.modifyOuter();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Outer7 out = new Outer7();
out.showOi();
out.testInner();
out.showOi();
}
}
練習8:
// innerclasses/Outer8.java
// TIJ4 Chapter Innerclasses, Exercise 8, page 354
/* Determine whether an outer class has access to the private elements of
* its inner class.
*/
class Outer8 {
class Inner {
private int ii1 = 1;
private int ii2 = 2;
private void showIi2() { System.out.println(ii2); }
private void hi() { System.out.println("Inner hi"); }
}
// Need to create objects to access private elements of Inner:
int oi = new Inner().ii1;
void showOi() { System.out.println(oi); }
void showIi2() { new Inner().showIi2(); }
void outerHi() { new Inner().hi(); }
public static void main(String[] args) {
Outer8 out = new Outer8();
out.showOi();
out.showIi2();
out.outerHi();
}
}
外部類可以訪問內部類的private 元素
五、在方法和作用域內部的內部類
在方法的作用域內建立一個類,該類被稱為區域性內部類。
//: innerclasses/Parcel5.java
// Nesting a class within a method.
public class Parcel5 {
public Destination destination(String s) {
class PDestination implements Destination {
private String label;
private PDestination(String whereTo) {
label = whereTo;
}
public String readLabel() { return label; }
}
return new PDestination(s);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Parcel5 p = new Parcel5();
Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania");
System.out.println(d.readLabel());
}
} ///:~
#output
Tasmania
PDestination類是destination方法的一部分,destination方法執行完畢後,d 仍持有該區域性內部類物件。
任意作用域內嵌入一個內部類:
//: innerclasses/Parcel6.java
// Nesting a class within a scope.
public class Parcel6 {
private void internalTracking(boolean b) {
if(b) {
class TrackingSlip {
private String id;
TrackingSlip(String s) {
id = s;
}
String getSlip() { return id; }
}
TrackingSlip ts = new TrackingSlip("slip");
String s = ts.getSlip();
}
// Can't use it here! Out of scope:
//! TrackingSlip ts = new TrackingSlip("x");
}
public void track() { internalTracking(true); }
public static void main(String[] args) {
Parcel6 p = new Parcel6();
p.track();
}
} ///:~
該類在定義TrackingingShip的作用域之外,是不可用,除此之外,和普通類沒有什麼不同。
練習9
// innerclasses/Ex9.java
// TIJ4 Chapter Innerclasses, Exercise 9, page 356
/* Create an interface with at least one method, and implement that
* interface by defining an inner class within a method, which returns a
* reference to your interface.
*/
interface Ex9Interface {
void say(String s);
}
public class Ex9 {
Ex9Interface f() {
class Inner implements Ex9Interface {
public void say(String s) {
System.out.println(s);
}
}
return new Inner();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Ex9 x = new Ex9();
x.f().say("hi");
}
}
練習10
// innerclasses/Ex10.java
// TIJ4 Chapter Innerclasses, Exercise 10, page 356
/* Repeat the previous exercise but define the inner class within a
* scope with scope within a method.
*/
interface Ex10Interface {
void say(String s);
}
public class Ex10 {
Ex10Interface f(boolean b) {
if(b) {
class Inner implements Ex10Interface {
public void say(String s) {
System.out.println(s);
}
}
return new Inner();
}
return null;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Ex10 x = new Ex10();
x.f(true).say("hi");
}
}
練習11:
// innerclasses/Ex11.java
// TIJ4 Chapter Innerclasses, Exercise 11, page 356
/* Create a private inner class that implements a public interface.
* Write a method that returns a reference to an instance of the private
* inner class, upcast to the interface. Show that the inner class is
* completely hidden by trying to downcast to it.
*/
/* public interface Ex11Interface {
* void say(String s);
* }
*/
class Test {
private class Inner implements Ex11Interface {
public void say(String s) {
System.out.println(s);
}
}
Ex11Interface f() {
return new Inner();
}
}
public class Ex11 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test t = new Test();
t.f().say("hi");
// Error: cannot find symbol: class Inner:
// ((Inner)t.f()).say("hello");
}
}
六、匿名內部類
//: innerclasses/Parcel7.java
// Returning an instance of an anonymous inner class.
public class Parcel7 {
public Contents contents() {
return new Contents() { // Insert a class definition
private int i = 11;
public int value() { return i; }
}; // Semicolon required in this case
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Parcel7 p = new Parcel7();
Contents c = p.contents();
}
} ///:~
Content是一個介面,建立匿名內部類實現Content介面並在後面緊跟該匿名內部類的定義。
上面是以下建立物件的簡潔方式
//: innerclasses/Parcel7b.java
// Expanded version of Parcel7.java
public class Parcel7b {
class MyContents implements Contents {
private int i = 11;
public int value() { return i; }
}
public Contents contents() { return new MyContents(); }
public static void main(String[] args) {
Parcel7b p = new Parcel7b();
Contents c = p.contents();
}
} ///:~
上面的匿名內部中,使用預設的構造器來生成Contents。如果基類需要有參建構函式呢?
//: innerclasses/Parcel8.java
// Calling the base-class constructor.
public class Parcel8 {
public Wrapping wrapping(int x) {
// Base constructor call:
return new Wrapping(x) { // Pass constructor argument.
public int value() {
return super.value() * 47;
}
}; // Semicolon required
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Parcel8 p = new Parcel8();
Wrapping w = p.wrapping(10);
}
} ///:~
只需要傳遞引數即可。Wrapping只是一個具有具體實現的普通類,但他仍被當作公共介面來使用
//: innerclasses/Wrapping.java
public class Wrapping {
private int i;
public Wrapping(int x) { i = x; }
public int value() { return i; }
} ///:~
匿名內部類後面的分號是表示表示式的結束。
在匿名內部類中定義欄位時,能夠對其執行初始化操作。
//: innerclasses/Parcel9.java
// An anonymous inner class that performs
// initialization. A briefer version of Parcel5.java.
public class Parcel9 {
// Argument must be final to use inside
// anonymous inner class:
public Destination destination(final String dest) {
return new Destination() {
private String label = dest;
public String readLabel() { return label; }
};
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Parcel9 p = new Parcel9();
Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania");
}
} ///:~
如果定義一個匿名內部類,並且希望它使用一個在外部定義的物件,那麼編譯器要求其引數引用是final
的。
匿名內部類不可能有構造器,但可以通過例項初始化達到構造器效果。
//: innerclasses/AnonymousConstructor.java
// Creating a constructor for an anonymous inner class.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
abstract class Base {
public Base(int i) {
print("Base constructor, i = " + i);
}
public abstract void f();
}
public class AnonymousConstructor {
public static Base getBase(int i) {
return new Base(i) {
{ print("Inside instance initializer"); }
public void f() {
print("In anonymous f()");
}
};
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Base base = getBase(47);
base.f();
}
} /* Output:
Base constructor, i = 47
Inside instance initializer
In anonymous f()
*///:~
在上面例項中,不要求變數i為final的,因為它被傳遞給匿名內部類的基類構造器使用,而不是被匿名內部類直接使用。
destination方法的引數必須為final的。
//: innerclasses/Parcel10.java
// Using "instance initialization" to perform
// construction on an anonymous inner class.
public class Parcel10 {
public Destination
destination(final String dest, final float price) {
return new Destination() {
private int cost;
// Instance initialization for each object:
{
cost = Math.round(price);
if(cost > 100)
System.out.println("Over budget!");
}
private String label = dest;
public String readLabel() { return label; }
};
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Parcel10 p = new Parcel10();
Destination d = p.destination("Tasmania", 101.395F);
}
} /* Output:
Over budget!
*///:~
匿名內部類即可擴充套件類,也可擴充套件介面,但不能兩者兼備。
練習14:
// innerclasses/HorrorShow14.java
// TIJ4 Chapter Innerclasses, Exercise 14, page361
/* Modify interfaces/HorrorShow.java to implement DangerousMonster and
* Vampire using anonymous classes.
*/
import static org.greggordon.tools.Print.*;
interface Monster {
void menace();
}
interface DangerousMonster extends Monster {
void destroy();
}
interface Lethal {
void kill();
}
class DragonZilla implements DangerousMonster {
public void menace() {}
public void destroy() {}
}
interface Vampire extends DangerousMonster, Lethal {
void drinkBlood();
}
class VeryBadVampire implements Vampire {
public void menace() {}
public void destroy() {}
public void kill() {}
public void drinkBlood() {}
}
public class HorrorShow14 {
static void u(Monster b) { b.menace(); }
static void v(DangerousMonster d) {
d.menace();
d.destroy();
}
static void w(Lethal l) { l.kill(); }
public DangerousMonster monsterMaker() {
return new DangerousMonster() {
public void menace() { println("DangerousMonster Menace"); }
public void destroy() { println("DangerousMonster Destroy"); }
};
}
public Vampire vampireMaker() {
return new Vampire() {
public void menace() { println("Vampire Menace"); }
public void destroy() { println("Vampire Destroy"); }
public void kill() { println("Vampire Kill"); }
public void drinkBlood() { println("Vampire DrinkBlood"); }
};
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
HorrorShow14 show = new HorrorShow14();
show.u(show.monsterMaker());
show.v(show.monsterMaker());
show.u(show.vampireMaker());
show.v(show.vampireMaker());
show.w(show.vampireMaker());
}
}
練習15:
// innerclasses/Ex15.java
// TIJ4 Chapter Innerclasses, Exercise 15, page361
/* Create a class with a non-default constructor and no default constructor.
* Create a second class that has a method that returns a reference to an
* object of the first class. Create the object that you return by making an
* anonymous inner class that inherits from the first class.
*/
class One {
private String s;
One(String s) { this.s = s; }
public String showS() { return s; }
}
public class Ex15 {
public One makeOne(String s) {
return new One(s) { };
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Ex15 x = new Ex15();
System.out.println(x.makeOne("hi").showS());
}
}
#output
hi
6.1 再訪工程方法
使用匿名內部類,interfaces/Factories.java.
//: innerclasses/Factories.java
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
interface Service {
void method1();
void method2();
}
interface ServiceFactory {
Service getService();
}
class Implementation1 implements Service {
private Implementation1() {}
public void method1() {print("Implementation1 method1");}
public void method2() {print("Implementation1 method2");}
public static ServiceFactory factory =
new ServiceFactory() {
public Service getService() {
return new Implementation1();
}
};
}
class Implementation2 implements Service {
private Implementation2() {}
public void method1() {print("Implementation2 method1");}
public void method2() {print("Implementation2 method2");}
public static ServiceFactory factory =
new ServiceFactory() {
public Service getService() {
return new Implementation2();
}
};
}
public class Factories {
public static void serviceConsumer(ServiceFactory fact) {
Service s = fact.getService();
s.method1();
s.method2();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
serviceConsumer(Implementation1.factory);
// Implementations are completely interchangeable:
serviceConsumer(Implementation2.factory);
}
} /* Output:
Implementation1 method1
Implementation1 method2
Implementation2 method1
Implementation2 method2
*///:~
同理
//: innerclasses/Games.java
// Using anonymous inner classes with the Game framework.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
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