不管使用的Ubuntu（或像我一樣用Linux Mint）是桌面版或伺服器版，熟悉Terminal的操作都能讓我們在Linux的環境裡更加得心應手，我參考篇末文章後整理出我可能會用到的命令，也許對於剛開始踏入Linux世界的朋友們會有些許幫助。

1. 系統資訊
指令說明
date顯示系統日期與時間
cal顯示本月月曆
uptime顯示開機時數
w顯示上線使用者清單
whoami顯示目前使用者名稱
uname -a顯示系統核心資訊
cat /proc/cpuinfo顯示CPU資訊
cat /proc/meminfo顯示記憶體資訊
df -hDisk Free，顯示磁碟空間資訊
duDirectory Usage，顯示目錄的磁碟用量
free顯示記憶體與Swap區的用量
2. 鍵盤快捷鍵
按鍵說明
Enter執行命令
↑顯示前一個命令
Ctrl+R搜尋執行過的命令
Ctrl+Z將執行中的命令丟到背景繼續執行  ------->輸入fg即可以恢復後臺執行程式

Ctrl+C中止執行中的命令
Ctrl+L清除螢幕，同clear命令
命令｜more命令輸出滿一頁暫停，按q跳出
命令｜less同上列功能，但能按上下鍵往上下捲動一列
!!再次執行上一個命令
命令 !$取上一個命令的引數當做此命令之引數
Esc + .顯示上一命令的引數、修改後執行
Ctrl+A遊標移回開頭位置
Ctrl+E遊標移回最後位置
Ctrl+U剪下游標前方所有文字並複製到暫存剪貼簿
Ctrl+K剪下游標後方所有文字並複製到暫存剪貼簿
Ctrl+Y由暫存剪貼簿貼上Ctrl+U與Ctrl+K剪下的文字
Ctrl+T對調遊標左側兩個字元
Ctrl+W刪除遊標前方的單字(Word)
Ctrl+D登出Terminal，同exit命令
Ctrl+Shift+C複製標示區的文字到剪貼簿
Ctrl+Shift+V貼上剪貼簿文字到Terminal裡
標示、滑鼠中鈕先用左鈕拖拉選取需要的文字後移動遊標到新位置按中鈕
（兩鈕滑鼠則是同時按左右鈕），標示文字會被複製到新位置
3. 命令學習
命令說明
man 命令顯示命令的手冊內容（man=manual）
man -k 關鍵字顯示含有關鍵字的手冊
man -t 手冊主題 ｜ps2pdf – > 手冊主題.pdf將指定的手冊輸出成PDF檔
4. 搜尋檔案
命令說明
grep 樣式 檔案s在檔案s裡搜尋符合樣式的內容
grep -r 樣式 目錄在目錄裡搜尋符合樣式的內容
grep 搜尋字串 /dir由dir目錄開始搜尋含有搜尋字串的檔案
命令｜grep 樣式在命令的輸出裡搜尋符合樣式的內容，如 ps aux | smb
locate 檔案搜尋符合的檔案或目錄；必須先用updatedb建立檔名索引。
locate -b ‘\name’列出名為name的檔案，沒加反斜線的話
也會列出部份符合的檔案
which 執行檔名列出執行檔名所在路徑
find / -name 檔名由根目錄開始搜尋檔名
find / -name “*檔名*"由根目錄開始搜尋含有檔名的檔案
5. 檔案許可權
命令說明
chmod 許可權數值 檔案變更檔案或目錄的存取許可權為指定的許可權數值；
數值為3個八進位數字，依序代表使用者（u）、
群組（g）與其他使用者（Other）許可權，每個數字
可為4(或r，表示可讀read）、2（或w，表示可寫
write）或1（或ｘ，表示可執行execute）。
chmod的ch是change，mod是mode
chmod 許可權字串 檔案我們也可以用字串來指定許可權：r、w或x，
字串前用+（加號）、-（減號）表示增加或移除，
或=（等號）直接指派許可權
例：chmod 777 myfile
或chmod a+rwx myfile設定myfile的存取許可權為所有人皆可讀、可寫、可執行
例：chmod 755 myfile第一個數字是設定使用者許可權具有所有許可權（7=4+2+1），
第二個數字是設定群組許可權具有讀取與執行許可權
（5=4+1），第三個數字設定其他人的許可權為讀取與
執行許可權
例：chmod a+x myfile所有人（all）增加執行許可權
6. 檔案與目錄相關命令
命令說明
ls顯示目前所在目錄的檔案清單（ls=list）
ls -l顯示長格式以呈現更多檔案資訊
ls _al以長格式顯示包含隱藏檔在內的所有檔案
ls -F附加檔案型別，目錄附加/，執行檔附加`*
cd 目錄切換目錄到指定的目錄（cd=Change Directory）
cd –cd 減號；切換目錄到前一個目錄
cd ~切換目錄回家目錄
mkdir 目錄建立目錄
pwd顯示目前位置（pwd=print Working Directory）
rm 檔案刪除檔案（rm=remove）
rm -r 目錄刪除目錄
rm -f 檔案_
rm -rf _目錄強制刪除檔案或目錄
cp 檔案1 檔案2複製檔案1為檔案2
cp -r 目錄1 目錄2複製目錄1為目錄2，目錄2不存在時會建立
mv 檔案1 檔案2檔案2不存在時是改名，檔案2存在且為目錄時是搬移
ln -s 實體檔案 連結名建立符號連結
touch 檔案變更檔案時間為目前時間
cat 檔案顯示檔案內容（cat=concatenate，連線）
cat 檔案1 檔案2 > 檔案3連線檔案1與檔案3的內容並輸出為檔案3
more 檔案顯示檔案內容並做分頁處理
head 檔案顯示檔案開頭10行內容
head -nn 檔案顯示檔案開頭nn行內容
tail 檔案顯示檔案倒數10行內容
tail -nn 檔案顯示檔案倒數nn行內容
7. 壓縮
命令說明
tar cf 檔案.tar 要壓縮檔案…將指定的檔案壓縮到檔案.tar（tar=tape archice，c=create）
tar xf 檔案.tar解壓縮檔案.tar（x=extract）
tar cfz 檔案.tar.gz把.tar檔再用GZip壓縮
tar xfz 檔案.tar.gz用GZip解壓縮.tar檔
tar cfj 檔案.tar.bz2把.tar檔再用BZip2壓縮
tar xfj 檔案.tar.bz2用BZip2解壓縮.tar檔
gzip 檔案將檔案壓縮為檔案.gz
參考UNIX/Linux 檔案壓縮與備份工具 tar 指令使用教學與範例（一）– tar 檔案
8. 網路
命令說明
ifconfig列出本機的IP位址
ping 主機ping指定的主機
whois 網域顯示網域主機資訊
dig 網域顯示網域的DNS資訊
host -a 網域顯示網域的DNS詳細資訊
wget 網址下載網址檔案
ssh 帳號@主機用SSH連線
9. 行程（Process）管理
命令說明
ps顯示作用中的所有行程
ps | grep 字串過濾含有字串的行程
top依CPU佔用率顯示行程資訊
kill 行程程式碼刪除指定的行程
killall 行程名刪除所有指定的行程
bg列出暫停或背景行程（bg=background）
fg將最近一個背景行程變更到前景（fg=foreground）
原文來源
原文：Linux Terminal Command Reference

Linux Terminal Command Reference

System Info


date – Show the current date and time
cal – Show this month's calendar
uptime – Show current uptime
w – Display who is online
whoami – Who you are logged in as
finger user – Display information about user
uname -a – Show kernel information
cat /proc/cpuinfo – CPU information
cat /proc/meminfo – Memory information
df -h – Show disk usage
du – Show directory space usage
free – Show memory and swap usage


Keyboard Shortcuts


Enter – Run the command
Up Arrow – Show the previous command
Ctrl + R – Allows you to type a part of the command you're looking for and finds it


Ctrl + Z – Stops the current command, resume with fg in the foreground or bg in the background
Ctrl + C – Halts the current command, cancel the current operation and/or start with a fresh new line
Ctrl + L – Clear the screen


command | less – Allows the scrolling of the bash command window using Shift + Up Arrow and Shift + Down Arrow
!! – Repeats the last command
command  !$ – Repeats the last argument of the previous command
Esc + . (a period) – Insert the last argument of the previous command on the fly, which enables you to edit it before executing the command


Ctrl + A – Return to the start of the command you're typing
Ctrl + E – Go to the end of the command you're typing
Ctrl + U – Cut everything before the cursor to a special clipboard, erases the whole line
Ctrl + K – Cut everything after the cursor to a special clipboard
Ctrl + Y – Paste from the special clipboard that Ctrl + U and Ctrl + K save their data to
Ctrl + T – Swap the two characters before the cursor (you can actually use this to transport a character from the left to the right, try it!)
Ctrl + W – Delete the word / argument left of the cursor in the current line


Ctrl + D – Log out of current session, similar to exit


Learn the Commands


apropos subject – List manual pages for subject
man -k keyword – Display man pages containing keyword
man command – Show the manual for command
man -t man | ps2pdf - > man.pdf  – Make a pdf of a manual page
which command – Show full path name of command
time command – See how long a command takes


whereis app – Show possible locations of app
which app – Show which app will be run by default; it shows the full path


Searching


grep pattern files – Search for pattern in files
grep -r pattern dir – Search recursively for pattern in dir
command | grep pattern – Search for pattern in the output of command
locate file – Find all instances of file
find / -name filename – Starting with the root directory, look for the file called filename
find / -name ”*filename*” – Starting with the root directory, look for the file containing the string filename
locate filename – Find a file called filename using the locate command; this assumes you have already used the command updatedb (see next)
updatedb – Create or update the database of files on all file systems attached to the Linux root directory
which filename – Show the subdirectory containing the executable file  called filename
grep TextStringToFind /dir – Starting with the directory called dir, look for and list all files containing TextStringToFind


File Permissions


chmod octal file – Change the permissions of file to octal, which can be found separately for user, group, and world by adding: 4 – read (r), 2 – write (w), 1 – execute (x)
Examples:
chmod 777 – read, write, execute for all
chmod 755 – rwx for owner, rx for group and world
For more options, see man chmod.


File Commands


ls – Directory listing
ls -l – List files in current directory using long format
ls -laC – List all files in current directory in long format and display in columns
ls -F – List files in current directory and indicate the file type
ls -al – Formatted listing with hidden files


cd dir – Change directory to dir
cd – Change to home
mkdir dir – Create a directory dir
pwd – Show current directory


rm name – Remove a file or directory called name
rm -r dir – Delete directory dir
rm -f file – Force remove file
rm -rf dir – Force remove an entire directory dir and all it’s included files and subdirectories (use with extreme caution)


cp file1 file2 – Copy file1 to file2
cp -r dir1 dir2 – Copy dir1 to dir2; create dir2 if it doesn't exist
cp file /home/dirname – Copy the filename called file to the /home/dirname directory


mv file /home/dirname – Move the file called filename to the /home/dirname directory
mv file1 file2 – Rename or move file1 to file2; if file2 is an existing directory, moves file1 into directory file2


ln -s file link – Create symbolic link link to file
touch file – Create or update file
cat > file – Places standard input into file
cat file – Display the file called file


more file – Display the file called file one page at a time, proceed to next page using the spacebar
head file – Output the first 10 lines of file
head -20 file – Display the first 20 lines of the file called file
tail file – Output the last 10 lines of file
tail -20 file – Display the last 20 lines of the file called file
tail -f file – Output the contents of file as it grows, starting with the last 10 lines


Compression


tar cf file.tar files – Create a tar named file.tar containing files
tar xf file.tar – Extract the files from file.tar


tar czf file.tar.gz files – Create a tar with Gzip compression
tar xzf file.tar.gz – Extract a tar using Gzip


tar cjf file.tar.bz2 – Create a tar with Bzip2 compression
tar xjf file.tar.bz2 – Extract a tar using Bzip2


gzip file – Compresses file and renames it to file.gz
gzip -d file.gz – Decompresses file.gz back to file


Printing


/etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd start – Start the print daemon
/etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd stop – Stop the print daemon
/etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd status – Display status of the print daemon
lpq – Display jobs in print queue
lprm – Remove jobs from queue
lpr – Print a file
lpc – Printer control tool
man subject | lpr – Print the manual page called subject as plain text
man -t subject | lpr – Print the manual page called subject as Postscript output
printtool – Start X printer setup interface


Network


ifconfig – List IP addresses for all devices on the local machine
iwconfig – Used to set the parameters of the network interface which are specific to the wireless operation (for example: the frequency)
iwlist – used to display some additional information from a wireless network interface that is not displayed by iwconfig
ping host – Ping host and output results
whois domain – Get whois information for domain
dig domain – Get DNS information for domain
dig -x host – Reverse lookup host
wget file – Download file
wget -c file – Continue a stopped download


SSH


ssh

[email protected] – Connect to host as user
ssh -p port [email protected] – Connect to host on port port as user
ssh-copy-id [email protected] – Add your key to host for user to enable a keyed or passwordless login


User Administration


adduser accountname – Create a new user call accountname
passwd accountname – Give accountname a new password
su – Log in as superuser from current login
exit – Stop being superuser and revert to normal user


Process Management


ps – Display your currently active processes
top – Display all running processes
kill pid – Kill process id pid
killall proc – Kill all processes named proc (use with extreme caution)
bg – Lists stopped or background jobs; resume a stopped job in the background
fg – Brings the most recent job to foreground
fg n – Brings job n to the foreground


Installation from source


./configure
make
make install
dpkg -i pkg.deb – install a DEB package (Debian / Ubuntu / Linux Mint)
rpm -Uvh pkg.rpm – install a RPM package (Red Hat / Fedora)


Stopping & Starting


shutdown -h now – Shutdown the system now and do not reboot
halt – Stop all processes - same as above
shutdown -r 5 – Shutdown the system in 5 minutes and reboot
shutdown -r now – Shutdown the system now and reboot
reboot – Stop all processes and then reboot - same as above
startx – Start the X system