Hello World!的編譯過程(C語言)
阿新 • • 發佈:2019-02-18
幾乎所有學C語言程式設計的同學第一個接觸的程式都是Hello World!。但是它是怎麼由c檔案轉換為可執行檔案的呢?
原始檔(helloworld.c)如下:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello World!\n");
return 0;
}
以mac為例,使用命令:
gcc -o helloworld helloworld.c
這條命令實際上隱含了編譯的4個過程:預處理、編譯、彙編和連結
- 預處理
前處理器(cpp)根據#開頭的命令,將所需的資訊直接插入到原始檔內,以此得到另一個c程式,通常以.i為副檔名,如helloworld.i
使用以下命令可生成helloworld.i
gcc -E helloworld.c -o helloworld.i
檢視helloworld.i可以看到原本的.c檔案已經被擴充套件成了相當有規模的一個檔案。
apple$ cat helloworld.i
# 1 "helloworld.c"
# 1 "<built-in>" 1
# 1 "<built-in>" 3
# 330 "<built-in>" 3
# 1 "<command line>" 1
# 1 "<built-in>" 2
# 1 "helloworld.c" 2
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 1 3 4
# 64 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 1 3 4
# 587 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_symbol_aliasing.h" 1 3 4
# 588 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4
# 653 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_posix_availability.h" 1 3 4
# 654 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4
# 65 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/Availability.h" 1 3 4
# 176 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/Availability.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/AvailabilityInternal.h" 1 3 4
# 177 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/Availability.h" 2 3 4
# 66 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/_types.h" 1 3 4
# 27 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/_types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types.h" 1 3 4
# 33 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/machine/_types.h" 1 3 4
# 32 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/machine/_types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/i386/_types.h" 1 3 4
# 37 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/i386/_types.h" 3 4
typedef signed char __int8_t;
typedef unsigned char __uint8_t;
typedef short __int16_t;
typedef unsigned short __uint16_t;
typedef int __int32_t;
typedef unsigned int __uint32_t;
typedef long long __int64_t;
typedef unsigned long long __uint64_t;
typedef long __darwin_intptr_t;
typedef unsigned int __darwin_natural_t;
# 70 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/i386/_types.h" 3 4
typedef int __darwin_ct_rune_t;
typedef union {
char __mbstate8[128];
long long _mbstateL;
} __mbstate_t;
typedef __mbstate_t __darwin_mbstate_t;
typedef long int __darwin_ptrdiff_t;
typedef long unsigned int __darwin_size_t;
typedef __builtin_va_list __darwin_va_list;
typedef int __darwin_wchar_t;
typedef __darwin_wchar_t __darwin_rune_t;
typedef int __darwin_wint_t;
typedef unsigned long __darwin_clock_t;
typedef __uint32_t __darwin_socklen_t;
typedef long __darwin_ssize_t;
typedef long __darwin_time_t;
# 33 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/machine/_types.h" 2 3 4
# 34 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types.h" 2 3 4
# 55 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types.h" 3 4
typedef __int64_t __darwin_blkcnt_t;
typedef __int32_t __darwin_blksize_t;
typedef __int32_t __darwin_dev_t;
typedef unsigned int __darwin_fsblkcnt_t;
typedef unsigned int __darwin_fsfilcnt_t;
typedef __uint32_t __darwin_gid_t;
typedef __uint32_t __darwin_id_t;
typedef __uint64_t __darwin_ino64_t;
typedef __darwin_ino64_t __darwin_ino_t;
typedef __darwin_natural_t __darwin_mach_port_name_t;
typedef __darwin_mach_port_name_t __darwin_mach_port_t;
typedef __uint16_t __darwin_mode_t;
typedef __int64_t __darwin_off_t;
typedef __int32_t __darwin_pid_t;
typedef __uint32_t __darwin_sigset_t;
typedef __int32_t __darwin_suseconds_t;
typedef __uint32_t __darwin_uid_t;
typedef __uint32_t __darwin_useconds_t;
typedef unsigned char __darwin_uuid_t[16];
typedef char __darwin_uuid_string_t[37];
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_pthread/_pthread_types.h" 1 3 4
# 57 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_pthread/_pthread_types.h" 3 4
struct __darwin_pthread_handler_rec {
void (*__routine)(void *);
void *__arg;
struct __darwin_pthread_handler_rec *__next;
};
struct _opaque_pthread_attr_t {
long __sig;
char __opaque[56];
};
struct _opaque_pthread_cond_t {
long __sig;
char __opaque[40];
};
struct _opaque_pthread_condattr_t {
long __sig;
char __opaque[8];
};
struct _opaque_pthread_mutex_t {
long __sig;
char __opaque[56];
};
struct _opaque_pthread_mutexattr_t {
long __sig;
char __opaque[8];
};
struct _opaque_pthread_once_t {
long __sig;
char __opaque[8];
};
struct _opaque_pthread_rwlock_t {
long __sig;
char __opaque[192];
};
struct _opaque_pthread_rwlockattr_t {
long __sig;
char __opaque[16];
};
struct _opaque_pthread_t {
long __sig;
struct __darwin_pthread_handler_rec *__cleanup_stack;
char __opaque[8176];
};
typedef struct _opaque_pthread_attr_t __darwin_pthread_attr_t;
typedef struct _opaque_pthread_cond_t __darwin_pthread_cond_t;
typedef struct _opaque_pthread_condattr_t __darwin_pthread_condattr_t;
typedef unsigned long __darwin_pthread_key_t;
typedef struct _opaque_pthread_mutex_t __darwin_pthread_mutex_t;
typedef struct _opaque_pthread_mutexattr_t __darwin_pthread_mutexattr_t;
typedef struct _opaque_pthread_once_t __darwin_pthread_once_t;
typedef struct _opaque_pthread_rwlock_t __darwin_pthread_rwlock_t;
typedef struct _opaque_pthread_rwlockattr_t __darwin_pthread_rwlockattr_t;
typedef struct _opaque_pthread_t *__darwin_pthread_t;
# 81 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types.h" 2 3 4
# 28 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/_types.h" 2 3 4
# 39 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/_types.h" 3 4
typedef int __darwin_nl_item;
typedef int __darwin_wctrans_t;
typedef __uint32_t __darwin_wctype_t;
# 68 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types/_va_list.h" 1 3 4
# 31 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types/_va_list.h" 3 4
typedef __darwin_va_list va_list;
# 72 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types/_size_t.h" 1 3 4
# 30 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types/_size_t.h" 3 4
typedef __darwin_size_t size_t;
# 73 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types/_null.h" 1 3 4
# 74 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/stdio.h" 1 3 4
# 39 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/stdio.h" 3 4
int renameat(int, const char *, int, const char *) __attribute__((availability(macosx,introduced=10.10)));
int renamex_np(const char *, const char *, unsigned int) __attribute__((availability(macosx,introduced=10.12))) __attribute__((availability(ios,introduced=10.0))) __attribute__((availability(tvos,introduced=10.0))) __attribute__((availability(watchos,introduced=3.0)));
int renameatx_np(int, const char *, int, const char *, unsigned int) __attribute__((availability(macosx,introduced=10.12))) __attribute__((availability(ios,introduced=10.0))) __attribute__((availability(tvos,introduced=10.0))) __attribute__((availability(watchos,introduced=3.0)));
# 76 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
typedef __darwin_off_t fpos_t;
# 88 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
struct __sbuf {
unsigned char *_base;
int _size;
};
struct __sFILEX;
# 122 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
typedef struct __sFILE {
unsigned char *_p;
int _r;
int _w;
short _flags;
short _file;
struct __sbuf _bf;
int _lbfsize;
void *_cookie;
int (* _Nullable _close)(void *);
int (* _Nullable _read) (void *, char *, int);
fpos_t (* _Nullable _seek) (void *, fpos_t, int);
int (* _Nullable _write)(void *, const char *, int);
struct __sbuf _ub;
struct __sFILEX *_extra;
int _ur;
unsigned char _ubuf[3];
unsigned char _nbuf[1];
struct __sbuf _lb;
int _blksize;
fpos_t _offset;
} FILE;
extern FILE *__stdinp;
extern FILE *__stdoutp;
extern FILE *__stderrp;
# 231 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
void clearerr(FILE *);
int fclose(FILE *);
int feof(FILE *);
int ferror(FILE *);
int fflush(FILE *);
int fgetc(FILE *);
int fgetpos(FILE * restrict, fpos_t *);
char *fgets(char * restrict, int, FILE *);
FILE *fopen(const char * restrict __filename, const char * restrict __mode) __asm("_" "fopen" );
int fprintf(FILE * restrict, const char * restrict, ...) __attribute__((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)));
int fputc(int, FILE *);
int fputs(const char * restrict, FILE * restrict) __asm("_" "fputs" );
size_t fread(void * restrict __ptr, size_t __size, size_t __nitems, FILE * restrict __stream);
FILE *freopen(const char * restrict, const char * restrict,
FILE * restrict) __asm("_" "freopen" );
int fscanf(FILE * restrict, const char * restrict, ...) __attribute__((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 3)));
int fseek(FILE *, long, int);
int fsetpos(FILE *, const fpos_t *);
long ftell(FILE *);
size_t fwrite(const void * restrict __ptr, size_t __size, size_t __nitems, FILE * restrict __stream) __asm("_" "fwrite" );
int getc(FILE *);
int getchar(void);
char *gets(char *);
void perror(const char *);
int printf(const char * restrict, ...) __attribute__((__format__ (__printf__, 1, 2)));
int putc(int, FILE *);
int putchar(int);
int puts(const char *);
int remove(const char *);
int rename (const char *__old, const char *__new);
void rewind(FILE *);
int scanf(const char * restrict, ...) __attribute__((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 2)));
void setbuf(FILE * restrict, char * restrict);
int setvbuf(FILE * restrict, char * restrict, int, size_t);
int sprintf(char * restrict, const char * restrict, ...) __attribute__((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3))) __attribute__((__availability__(swift, unavailable, message="Use snprintf instead.")));
int sscanf(const char * restrict, const char * restrict, ...) __attribute__((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 3)));
FILE *tmpfile(void);
__attribute__((__availability__(swift, unavailable, message="Use mkstemp(3) instead.")))
__attribute__((deprecated("This function is provided for compatibility reasons only. Due to security concerns inherent in the design of tmpnam(3), it is highly recommended that you use mkstemp(3) instead.")))
char *tmpnam(char *);
int ungetc(int, FILE *);
int vfprintf(FILE * restrict, const char * restrict, va_list) __attribute__((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)));
int vprintf(const char * restrict, va_list) __attribute__((__format__ (__printf__, 1, 0)));
int vsprintf(char * restrict, const char * restrict, va_list) __attribute__((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0))) __attribute__((__availability__(swift, unavailable, message="Use vsnprintf instead.")));
# 297 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
char *ctermid(char *);
FILE *fdopen(int, const char *) __asm("_" "fdopen" );
int fileno(FILE *);
# 321 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
int pclose(FILE *) __attribute__((__availability__(swift, unavailable, message="Use posix_spawn APIs or NSTask instead.")));
FILE *popen(const char *, const char *) __asm("_" "popen" ) __attribute__((__availability__(swift, unavailable, message="Use posix_spawn APIs or NSTask instead.")));
# 342 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
int __srget(FILE *);
int __svfscanf(FILE *, const char *, va_list) __attribute__((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)));
int __swbuf(int, FILE *);
# 353 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
inline __attribute__ ((__always_inline__)) int __sputc(int _c, FILE *_p) {
if (--_p->_w >= 0 || (_p->_w >= _p->_lbfsize && (char)_c != '\n'))
return (*_p->_p++ = _c);
else
return (__swbuf(_c, _p));
}
# 379 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
void flockfile(FILE *);
int ftrylockfile(FILE *);
void funlockfile(FILE *);
int getc_unlocked(FILE *);
int getchar_unlocked(void);
int putc_unlocked(int, FILE *);
int putchar_unlocked(int);
int getw(FILE *);
int putw(int, FILE *);
__attribute__((__availability__(swift, unavailable, message="Use mkstemp(3) instead.")))
__attribute__((deprecated("This function is provided for compatibility reasons only. Due to security concerns inherent in the design of tempnam(3), it is highly recommended that you use mkstemp(3) instead.")))
char *tempnam(const char *__dir, const char *__prefix) __asm("_" "tempnam" );
# 417 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types/_off_t.h" 1 3 4
# 30 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types/_off_t.h" 3 4
typedef __darwin_off_t off_t;
# 418 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
int fseeko(FILE * __stream, off_t __offset, int __whence);
off_t ftello(FILE * __stream);
int snprintf(char * restrict __str, size_t __size, const char * restrict __format, ...) __attribute__((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)));
int vfscanf(FILE * restrict __stream, const char * restrict __format, va_list) __attribute__((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)));
int vscanf(const char * restrict __format, va_list) __attribute__((__format__ (__scanf__, 1, 0)));
int vsnprintf(char * restrict __str, size_t __size, const char * restrict __format, va_list) __attribute__((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)));
int vsscanf(const char * restrict __str, const char * restrict __format, va_list) __attribute__((__format__ (__scanf__, 2, 0)));
# 442 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types/_ssize_t.h" 1 3 4
# 30 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/sys/_types/_ssize_t.h" 3 4
typedef __darwin_ssize_t ssize_t;
# 443 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
int dprintf(int, const char * restrict, ...) __attribute__((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3))) __attribute__((availability(macosx,introduced=10.7)));
int vdprintf(int, const char * restrict, va_list) __attribute__((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0))) __attribute__((availability(macosx,introduced=10.7)));
ssize_t getdelim(char ** restrict __linep, size_t * restrict __linecapp, int __delimiter, FILE * restrict __stream) __attribute__((availability(macosx,introduced=10.7)));
ssize_t getline(char ** restrict __linep, size_t * restrict __linecapp, FILE * restrict __stream) __attribute__((availability(macosx,introduced=10.7)));
# 458 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern const int sys_nerr;
extern const char *const sys_errlist[];
int asprintf(char ** restrict, const char * restrict, ...) __attribute__((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 3)));
char *ctermid_r(char *);
char *fgetln(FILE *, size_t *);
const char *fmtcheck(const char *, const char *);
int fpurge(FILE *);
void setbuffer(FILE *, char *, int);
int setlinebuf(FILE *);
int vasprintf(char ** restrict, const char * restrict, va_list) __attribute__((__format__ (__printf__, 2, 0)));
FILE *zopen(const char *, const char *, int);
FILE *funopen(const void *,
int (* _Nullable)(void *, char *, int),
int (* _Nullable)(void *, const char *, int),
fpos_t (* _Nullable)(void *, fpos_t, int),
int (* _Nullable)(void *));
# 498 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/secure/_stdio.h" 1 3 4
# 31 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/secure/_stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/secure/_common.h" 1 3 4
# 32 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/secure/_stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 42 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/secure/_stdio.h" 3 4
extern int __sprintf_chk (char * restrict, int, size_t,
const char * restrict, ...);
# 52 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/secure/_stdio.h" 3 4
extern int __snprintf_chk (char * restrict, size_t, int, size_t,
const char * restrict, ...);
extern int __vsprintf_chk (char * restrict, int, size_t,
const char * restrict, va_list);
extern int __vsnprintf_chk (char * restrict, size_t, int, size_t,
const char * restrict, va_list);
# 499 "/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 2 "helloworld.c" 2
int main()
{
printf("Hello World!\n");
return 0;
}
- 編譯
使用編譯器(ccl)將文字檔案helloworld.i翻譯為包含組合語言程式的另一個文字檔案helloworld.s
使用以下命令可生成helloworld.s
gcc -S helloworld.c -o helloworld.s
檢視helloworld.s可以看到完整的組合語言程式
.section __TEXT,__text,regular,pure_instructions
.macosx_version_min 10, 12
.globl _main
.align 4, 0x90
_main: ## @main
.cfi_startproc
## BB#0:
pushq %rbp
Ltmp0:
.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
Ltmp1:
.cfi_offset %rbp, -16
movq %rsp, %rbp
Ltmp2:
.cfi_def_cfa_register %rbp
subq $16, %rsp
leaq L_.str(%rip), %rdi
movl $0, -4(%rbp)
movb $0, %al
callq _printf
xorl %ecx, %ecx
movl %eax, -8(%rbp) ## 4-byte Spill
movl %ecx, %eax
addq $16, %rsp
popq %rbp
retq
.cfi_endproc
.section __TEXT,__cstring,cstring_literals
L_.str: ## @.str
.asciz "Hello World!\n"
- 彙編
彙編器(as)將helloworld.s翻譯為機器語言指令,並將這些指令打包成可重定位目標程式的格式,將結果儲存在目標檔案helloworld.o中。
使用以下命令可生成helloworld.o
gcc -c helloworld.c
helloworld.o是二進位制檔案,使用文字編輯器開啟會呈現為亂碼:
???? ?? ?__text__TEXT* ??__cstring__TEXT*J__compact_unwind__LD8 X?__eh_frame__TEXTX@x
h$
??
PUH??H??H?=E???1ɉE???H??]?Hello World!
*zRx
- ?$????????*A?C
_main_printf
- 連結
連結器(ld)將程式引用的外部.o合併入helloworld.o的過程,結果得到目標可執行檔案helloworld
使用以下命令可生成helloworld
gcc -o helloworld helloworld.c
可執行檔案載入到儲存器後,可由系統負責執行
apple$ ./helloworld
Hello World!
以上就是完整的helloworld.c的編譯過程,其中還涉及到很多計算機系統底層的知識,希望可以在後續的部落格中繼續展開。