創建數據表主鍵外鍵
阿新 • • 發佈:2019-03-15
col can 一行 更新 http where proc lec 其他 1、創建數據表
按行和列的方式存儲,每一行唯一一條記錄,每一列代表記錄中的某個字段或者是域。
格式:表的名稱不區分大小寫,不能使用SQL關鍵字;存在多列使用逗號分隔。
按行和列的方式存儲,每一行唯一一條記錄,每一列代表記錄中的某個字段或者是域。
格式:表的名稱不區分大小寫,不能使用SQL關鍵字;存在多列使用逗號分隔。
create table <table_name>
(
字段1,數據類型 [列約束條件],
字段2,數據類型 [列約束條件],
字段3,數據類型 [列約束條件],
........
[表級別約束條件]
);
測試:表名test01
| 字段名 | 數據類型 |
| name | varchar (30) |
| id | int (11) |
(1)主鍵約束
單字段
mysql> create table test02 -> (id int(11) primary key, -> name varchar(30)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
mysql> create table test03
-> (id int(11),
-> name varchar(30),
-> primary key (id));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)
mysql> desc test02; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> desc test03; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | 0 | | | name | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
列的會隱含一個rowid字段
表的會明確要求id是可識別的標誌
多字段
mysql> create table test05 (id int(11), name varchar(30),primary key(id,name));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)
刪除主鍵約束
mysql> alter table test0004 drop primary key; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show create table test0004\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: test0004 Create Table: CREATE TABLE ‘test0004` ( `username` varchar(10) NOT NULL, `pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL, `id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘0‘, `age` tinyint(3) unsigned NOT NULL, UNIQUE KEY `username` (`username`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc test0004;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ |
username | varchar(10) | NO | PRI | NULL | | |
pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | | NULL | | |
id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | | 0 | | |
age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | NULL |
| +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
怎麽在已有的表中添加主鍵呢?
舉個例子:
創建一個書記表,後在增加一個字段
mysql> create table test0004( username varchar(10) not null, pid smallint unsigned);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec)
mysql> desc test0004;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> alter table test0004 add id smallint unsigned;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
增加一個主鍵然後驗證
mysql> alter table test0004 add constraint PK_test0004_id primary key (id);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> desc test0004;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show create table test0004\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: test0004
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `test0004` (
`username` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
`pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
`id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘0‘,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
那我們添加一個唯一約束來看一下
mysql> alter table test0004 add unique (username);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> show create table test0004\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: test0004
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `test0004` (
`username` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
`pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
`id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘0‘,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
UNIQUE KEY `username` (`username`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
接下來我們給他添加一個字段,並修改和刪除默認值操作
mysql> alter table test0004 add age tinyint unsigned not null;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> desc test0004;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| username | varchar(10) | NO | UNI | NULL | |
| pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | |
| age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | NULL | |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> alter table test0004 alter age set default 15;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> desc test0004;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| username | varchar(10) | NO | UNI | NULL | |
| pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | | NULL | |
| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | |
| age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | 15 | |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> alter table test0004 alter age drop default;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
(2)外鍵束縛
一個表可以有一個或多個外鍵;保證數據的一致性完整性;定義外鍵之後,不
允許刪除另一個表中具有關聯關系的記錄。
主表:對於兩個表具有關聯關系的,具有主鍵的表;
從表:對於兩個表具有關聯關系的,具有外鍵的表;
constraint <外建名> foreign key<字段名> references <主表名> 主鍵列
mysql> create table test06
-> (id int(11) primary key,
-> name varchar(30) not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec)
mysql> create table test07 (id int(11) primary key, name varchar(30), constraint test0607 foreign key(id) references test06(id) );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec)
加深:
首先創一個provin1表
mysql> create table provin1( id smallint unsigned primary key auto_increment, pnaame varchar(20) not null );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec)
mysql> show create table provin1\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: provin1
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `provin1` (
`id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`pname` varchar(20) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
再創建一個test0003的表
mysql> create table test0003( id smallint unsigned primary key auto_increment, ussername varchar(10) not null, pid smallint unsigned, foreign key (pid) referencess provin1 (id) on delete cascade);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
mysql> show create table test0003\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: test0003
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `test0003` (
`id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`username` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
`pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `pid` (`pid`),
CONSTRAINT `test0003_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`pid`) REFERENCES `provin1` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
向provin1中插入數據
mysql> insert provin1 (pname) values (‘A‘);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert provin1 (pname) values (‘b‘);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert provin1 (pname) values (‘C‘);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from provin1;
+----+-------+
| id | pname |
+----+-------+
| 1 | A |
| 3 | b |
| 5 | C |
+----+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
向test0003中插入數據
mysql> insert test0003(username,pid) values (‘tom‘,3);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert test0003(username,pid) values (‘lichao‘,5);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert test0003(username,pid) values (‘chenchen‘,1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert test0003(username,pid) values (‘cat‘,3);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert test0003(username,pid) values (‘nihao‘,7);
ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row:
a foreign key constraint fails (`chenchen`.`test0003`, CONSTRAINT
`test0003_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`pid`) REFERENCES `provin1`
(`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE)
我們看到插入pid =7的時候出錯了,錯誤原因是因為pid所對應provin1表中沒有7這個id,所以他會報錯,我們來看看test0003表中數據
mysql> select * from test0003;
+----+----------+------+
| id | username | pid |
+----+----------+------+
| 1 | tom | 3 |
| 3 | lichao | 5 |
| 5 | chenchen | 1 |
| 7 | cat | 3 |
+----+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
那麽我們來去除一下provin1裏邊的id為3的字段來查看test0003表中的變化
mysql> delete from provin1 where id = 3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from provin1;
+----+-------+
| id | pname |
+----+-------+
| 1 | A |
| 5 | C |
+----+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test0003;
+----+----------+------+
| id | username | pid |
+----+----------+------+
| 3 | lichao | 5 |
| 5 | chenchen | 1 |
+----+----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
我們看到去除provin1中的id為3的數據後test0003表中對應的pid為3的字段消失,此驗證了外鍵束縛中的 cascade功能。
cascade:從父表刪除或更新且自動刪除或跟新子表中匹配的行.
下邊我會整理其他約束和mysql表操作文檔,陸續更新中,本文禁止轉載,個人總結不易,請諒解
創建數據表主鍵外鍵