阿里大牛分享的 Python 開發中那些高階技巧
阿新 • • 發佈:2019-06-06
我總結了一些常見的技巧在這裡,可能談不上多高階,但掌握這些至少可以讓你的程式碼看起來 Pythonic 一點。如果你還在按照類C語言的那套風格來寫的話,在 code review 恐怕會要被吐槽了。
列表推導式
>>> chars = [ c for c in 'python' ]
>>> chars
['p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n']
字典推導式
>>> dict1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'e': 5} >>> double_dict1 = {k:v*2 for (k,v) in dict1.items()} >>> double_dict1 {'a': 2, 'b': 4, 'c': 6, 'd': 8, 'e': 10}
集合推導式
>>> set1 = {1,2,3,4}
>>> double_set = {i*2 for i in set1}
>>> double_set
{8, 2, 4, 6}
合併字典
>>> x = {'a':1,'b':2}
>>> y = {'c':3, 'd':4}
>>> z = {**x, **y}
>>> z
{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4}
複製列表
>>> nums = [1,2,3] >>> nums[::] [1, 2, 3] >>> copy_nums = nums[::] >>> copy_nums [1, 2, 3]
反轉列表
>>> reverse_nums = nums[::-1]
>>> reverse_nums
[3, 2, 1]
PACKING / UNPACKING
變數交換
>>> a,b = 1, 2
>>> a ,b = b,a
>>> a
2
>>> b
1
高階拆包
>>> a, *b = 1,2,3
>>> a
1
>>> b
[2, 3]
或者
>>> a, *b, c = 1,2,3,4,5 >>> a 1 >>> b [2, 3, 4] >>> c 5
函式返回多個值(其實是自動packing成元組)然後unpacking賦值給4個變數
>>> def f():
... return 1, 2, 3, 4
...
>>> a, b, c, d = f()
>>> a
1
>>> d
4
列表合併成字串
>>> " ".join(["I", "Love", "Python"])
'I Love Python'
鏈式比較
>>> if a > 2 and a < 5:
... pass
...
>>> if 2<a<5:
... pass
yield from
# 沒有使用 field from
def dup(n):
for i in range(n):
yield i
yield i
# 使用yield from
def dup(n):
for i in range(n):
yield from [i, i]
for i in dup(3):
print(i)
>>>
0
0
1
1
2
in 代替 or
>>> if x == 1 or x == 2 or x == 3:
... pass
...
>>> if x in (1,2,3):
... pass
字典代替多個if else
def fun(x):
if x == 'a':
return 1
elif x == 'b':
return 2
else:
return None
def fun(x):
return {"a": 1, "b": 2}.get(x)
有下標索引的列舉
>>> for i, e in enumerate(["a","b","c"]):
... print(i, e)
...
0 a
1 b
2 c
生成器
注意區分列表推導式,生成器效率更高
>>> g = (i**2 for i in range(5))
>>> g
<generator object <genexpr> at 0x10881e518>
>>> for i in g:
... print(i)
...
0
1
4
9
16
預設字典 defaultdict
>>> d = dict()
>>> d['nums']
KeyError: 'nums'
>>>
>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>> d = defaultdict(list)
>>> d["nums"]
[]
字串格式化
>>> lang = 'python'
>>> f'{lang} is most popular language in the world'
'python is most popular language in the world'
列表中出現次數最多的元素
>>> nums = [1,2,3,3]
>>> max(set(nums), key=nums.count)
3
或者
from collections import Counter
>>> Counter(nums).most_common()[0][0]
3
讀寫檔案
>>> with open("test.txt", "w") as f:
... f.writelines("hello")
判斷物件型別,可指定多個型別
>>> isinstance(a, (int, str))
True
類似的還有字串的 startswith,endswith
>>> "http://foofish.net".startswith(('http','https'))
True
>>> "https://foofish.net".startswith(('http','https'))
True
__str__
與 __repr__
區別
>>> "http://foofish.net".startswith(('http','https'))
True
>>> "https://foofish.net".startswith(('http','https'))
True
前者對人友好,可讀性更強,後者對計算機友好,支援 obj == eval(repr(obj))
使用裝飾器
def makebold(f):
return lambda: "<b>" + f() + "</b>"
def makeitalic(f):
return lambda: "<i>" + f() + "</i>"
@makebold
@makeitalic
def say():
return "Hello"
>>> say()
<b><i>Hello</i></b>
不使用裝飾器,可讀性非常差
def say():
return "Hello"
>>> makebold(makeitalic(say))()
<b><i>Hello</i></b>
...此處省略100個高階操作,關注走一波!更多python知識技巧案例持續分享!
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