計算機組成及系統結構-第六章 中央處理器
阿新 • • 發佈:2020-05-03
## 中央處理器
---
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426135258044-1521772882.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426135409461-280526265.png)
### 一、控制器的組成 --- #### 1.控制器的功能 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426135935955-36120218.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426135955303-258429245.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426140149849-1558444385.png) #### 2.控制器的組成 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426140619266-352148981.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426140637507-1035177100.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426140648709-1384108265.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426140657920-1344173533.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426140709189-1639790943.png) #### 3.指令執行過程(運算器與控制器配合) ##### ⅰ控制器的基本電路 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426141337089-901410921.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426141348041-1394208024.png) ##### ⅱ指令執行過程舉例 - **一條加法指令的執行過程**: ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426141556580-1478884786.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426141730870-255865765.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426141753788-1274304427.png) - **條件轉移指令的執行過程**: ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426141919915-872427141.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426142010267-1302360643.png) ##### ⅲ其他指令 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426142100928-2067340951.png)
### 二、微程式控制計算機的基本工作原理
---
#### 1.基本概念
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426142659295-890663910.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426142707222-54726680.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426145354352-1063612000.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426145522801-995719338.png)
#### 2.實現微程式控制的基本原理
##### ⅰ控制訊號
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426150036491-1884601761.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426150058337-65456166.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426150405005-1898556221.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426150500113-2011985196.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426150520085-1379419219.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426150700133-1788537337.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426150700471-1721356303.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426150818423-2017116366.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426150917221-125041323.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426151000507-1079072482.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426151217377-923472608.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426151407697-1722973389.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426151303567-1216441657.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426151600449-448240482.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426152229607-1972572935.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426152507162-110036194.png)
##### ⅱ微程式控制器
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426152658648-1241711714.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426152746687-1898237728.png)
##### ⅲ時序訊號及工作脈衝的形成
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426154033687-1608999900.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426154056993-1791996528.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426154154266-1274152861.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426154316045-1914524190.png)
##### ⅳ電路配合中的常見問題
- **電路延遲引起的波形畸變**:
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426154823538-1516934731.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426154836370-1244228599.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426154851057-1622561409.png)
- **機器週期的確定**:
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426155132770-1229441035.png)
- **時鐘脈衝CLK和工作脈衝CP的標準性**:
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426155302829-1277728873.png)
##### ⅴ工作過程簡單的總結
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426155359737-1346863520.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426155522226-1726533330.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426160050507-791930235.png)
### 三、微程式設計技術
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#### 1.微指令控制欄位的編譯法
##### ⅰ直接控制法
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426160740549-1703573345.png)
##### ⅱ欄位直接編譯法
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426160802855-1814679049.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426160827749-1022791725.png)
##### ⅲ欄位間編譯法
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426160903428-37424642.png)
##### ⅳ常數源欄位E
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426160922987-1748436215.png)
#### 2.微程式流的控制
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426161108066-1446239602.png)
##### ⅰ增量與下址欄位結合產生後繼微指令地址的方法
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426161313342-953901596.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426161735145-2000235331.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426162000460-743984213.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426162051378-462069692.png)
##### ⅱ多路轉移方式
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426162253234-481331589.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426162304978-1484407133.png)
##### ⅲ微中斷
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426162357419-1021983071.png)
#### 3.微指令格式
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426162614614-1264304233.png)
##### ⅰ水平型微指令
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426162632943-822931273.png)
##### ⅱ垂直型微指令
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426162644898-751175882.png)
##### ⅲ二者比較
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426162655350-1390829595.png)
#### 4.微程式控制儲存器和動態微程式設計
##### ⅰ微程式控制儲存器
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426163106500-1741011529.png)
##### ⅱ動態微程式設計
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426163126781-386057698.png)
##### ⅲ控制儲存器的操作
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426163152828-99345632.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426163316061-1334054019.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426163409548-946117354.png)
##### ⅳ豪微程式設計的基本概念
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426164009899-1882764059.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426164024211-1482747095.png)
#### 5.微程式設計語言
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426163540575-1633781589.png)
### 四、硬佈線控制的計算機
---
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502203051601-937088165.png)
#### 1.時序和節拍
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502203501000-758993127.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502203816038-52967531.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502204059870-171587358.png)
#### 2.操作控制訊號的產生
##### ⅰ操作碼譯碼器
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502204756501-751510317.png)
##### ⅱ操作控制訊號的產生
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502205020290-1160663624.png)
- **加法指令的控制邏輯表示式**:**取指週期**(**cy1**)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502205419158-1429048149.png)
- **加法指令的控制邏輯表示式**:**計算地址週期**(**cy2**)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502205503469-114821399.png)
- **對錶達式綜合分析1**:
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502205523109-1479373335.png)
- **對錶達式綜合分析2**:
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502210428076-1542038591.png)
- **對錶達式綜合分析3**:
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502210438233-286159070.png)
- **對錶達式綜合分析4**:
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502210503308-445356313.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502210523590-523691877.png)
#### 3.硬佈線控制器的組成
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502210729590-1146446298.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502210744915-232060348.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502210951582-349930044.png)
#### 4.硬佈線控制邏輯設計中的若干問題
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502211015353-1014355831.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502211023621-1500682333.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502211036842-1958526330.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502211046954-966711241.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502211202705-1076268941.png)
#### 5.控制器的控制方式
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502211220251-1223397022.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502211232273-2091682109.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502211240824-1254617399.png)
![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502211255825-1301676846.png)
### 五、流水線工作原理 --- #### 1.流水線基本工作原理 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502211623939-1868068911.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502211710348-284643670.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502211838460-1069810212.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502212131150-963511784.png) #### 2.流水線中的相關問題 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502212729740-1904681418.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502212904057-1883780707.png) #### 3.程式轉移對流水線的影響 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502213013996-2138807385.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502213056595-403538212.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502213129395-1599773472.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502213242828-1744080852.png) #### 4.指令預取和亂序執行 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502213258427-1845936105.png)
### 六、CPU舉例 ### 七、計算機供電 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502213329278-166585789.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502213620981-1065031626.png)
**參考-《計算機組成於結構》-清華大學 王愛英**
### 一、控制器的組成 --- #### 1.控制器的功能 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426135935955-36120218.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426135955303-258429245.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426140149849-1558444385.png) #### 2.控制器的組成 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426140619266-352148981.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426140637507-1035177100.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426140648709-1384108265.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426140657920-1344173533.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426140709189-1639790943.png) #### 3.指令執行過程(運算器與控制器配合) ##### ⅰ控制器的基本電路 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426141337089-901410921.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426141348041-1394208024.png) ##### ⅱ指令執行過程舉例 - **一條加法指令的執行過程**: ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426141556580-1478884786.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426141730870-255865765.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426141753788-1274304427.png) - **條件轉移指令的執行過程**: ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426141919915-872427141.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426142010267-1302360643.png) ##### ⅲ其他指令 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202004/1520604-20200426142100928-2067340951.png)
### 五、流水線工作原理 --- #### 1.流水線基本工作原理 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502211623939-1868068911.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502211710348-284643670.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502211838460-1069810212.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502212131150-963511784.png) #### 2.流水線中的相關問題 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502212729740-1904681418.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502212904057-1883780707.png) #### 3.程式轉移對流水線的影響 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502213013996-2138807385.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502213056595-403538212.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502213129395-1599773472.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502213242828-1744080852.png) #### 4.指令預取和亂序執行 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502213258427-1845936105.png)
### 六、CPU舉例 ### 七、計算機供電 ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502213329278-166585789.png) ![](https://img2020.cnblogs.com/blog/1520604/202005/1520604-20200502213620981-1065031626.png)
**參考-《計算機組成於結構》-清華大學 王愛英**