Kubernetes K8S之Helm部署、使用與示例
Kubernetes K8S之Helm部署、使用、常見操作與示例
主機配置規劃
伺服器名稱(hostname) | 系統版本 | 配置 | 內網IP | 外網IP(模擬) |
---|---|---|---|---|
k8s-master | CentOS7.7 | 2C/4G/20G | 172.16.1.110 | 10.0.0.110 |
k8s-node01 | CentOS7.7 | 2C/4G/20G | 172.16.1.111 | 10.0.0.111 |
k8s-node02 | CentOS7.7 | 2C/4G/20G | 172.16.1.112 | 10.0.0.112 |
Helm是什麼
沒有使用Helm之前,在Kubernetes部署應用,我們要依次部署deployment、service等,步驟比較繁瑣。況且隨著很多專案微服務化,複雜的應用在容器中部署以及管理顯得較為複雜。
helm通過打包的方式,支援釋出的版本管理和控制,很大程度上簡化了Kubernetes應用的部署和管理。
Helm本質就是讓k8s的應用管理(Deployment、Service等)可配置,能動態生成。通過動態生成K8S資源清單檔案(deployment.yaml、service.yaml)。然後kubectl自動呼叫K8S資源部署。
Helm是官方提供類似於YUM的包管理,是部署環境的流程封裝,Helm有三個重要的概念:chart、release和Repository
- chart是建立一個應用的資訊集合,包括各種Kubernetes物件的配置模板、引數定義、依賴關係、文件說明等。可以將chart想象成apt、yum中的軟體安裝包。
- release是chart的執行例項,代表一個正在執行的應用。當chart被安裝到Kubernetes叢集,就生成一個release。chart能多次安裝到同一個叢集,每次安裝都是一個release【根據chart賦值不同,完全可以部署出多個release出來】。
- Repository用於釋出和儲存 Chart 的儲存庫。
Helm包含兩個元件:Helm客戶端和Tiller服務端,如下圖所示:
Helm 客戶端負責 chart 和 release 的建立和管理以及和 Tiller 的互動。Tiller 服務端執行在 Kubernetes 叢集中,它會處理Helm客戶端的請求,與 Kubernetes API Server 互動。
Helm部署
現在越來越多的公司和團隊開始使用Helm這個Kubernetes的包管理器,我們也會使用Helm安裝Kubernetes的常用元件。Helm由客戶端命令helm工具和服務端tiller組成。
helm的GitHub地址
https://github.com/helm/helm
本次部署版本
Helm安裝部署
1 [root@k8s-master software]# pwd 2 /root/software 3 [root@k8s-master software]# wget https://get.helm.sh/helm-v2.16.9-linux-amd64.tar.gz 4 [root@k8s-master software]# 5 [root@k8s-master software]# tar xf helm-v2.16.9-linux-amd64.tar.gz 6 [root@k8s-master software]# ll 7 total 12624 8 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12926032 Jun 16 06:55 helm-v3.2.4-linux-amd64.tar.gz 9 drwxr-xr-x 2 3434 3434 50 Jun 16 06:55 linux-amd64 10 [root@k8s-master software]# 11 [root@k8s-master software]# cp -a linux-amd64/helm /usr/bin/helm
因為Kubernetes API Server開啟了RBAC訪問控制,所以需要建立tiller的service account:tiller並分配合適的角色給它。這裡為了簡單起見我們直接分配cluster-admin這個叢集內建的ClusterRole給它。
1 [root@k8s-master helm]# pwd 2 /root/k8s_practice/helm 3 [root@k8s-master helm]# 4 [root@k8s-master helm]# cat rbac-helm.yaml 5 apiVersion: v1 6 kind: ServiceAccount 7 metadata: 8 name: tiller 9 namespace: kube-system 10 --- 11 apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 12 kind: ClusterRoleBinding 13 metadata: 14 name: tiller 15 roleRef: 16 apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io 17 kind: ClusterRole 18 name: cluster-admin 19 subjects: 20 - kind: ServiceAccount 21 name: tiller 22 namespace: kube-system 23 [root@k8s-master helm]# 24 [root@k8s-master helm]# kubectl apply -f rbac-helm.yaml 25 serviceaccount/tiller created 26 clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/tiller created
初始化Helm的client 和 server
1 [root@k8s-master helm]# helm init --service-account tiller 2 ……………… 3 [root@k8s-master helm]# kubectl get pod -n kube-system -o wide | grep 'tiller' 4 tiller-deploy-8488d98b4c-j8txs 0/1 Pending 0 38m <none> <none> <none> <none> 5 [root@k8s-master helm]# 6 ##### 之所有沒有排程成功,就是因為拉取映象包失敗;檢視需要拉取的映象包 7 [root@k8s-master helm]# kubectl describe pod tiller-deploy-8488d98b4c-j8txs -n kube-system 8 Name: tiller-deploy-8488d98b4c-j8txs 9 Namespace: kube-system 10 Priority: 0 11 Node: <none> 12 Labels: app=helm 13 name=tiller 14 pod-template-hash=8488d98b4c 15 Annotations: <none> 16 Status: Pending 17 IP: 18 IPs: <none> 19 Controlled By: ReplicaSet/tiller-deploy-8488d98b4c 20 Containers: 21 tiller: 22 Image: gcr.io/kubernetes-helm/tiller:v2.16.9 23 Ports: 44134/TCP, 44135/TCP 24 Host Ports: 0/TCP, 0/TCP 25 Liveness: http-get http://:44135/liveness delay=1s timeout=1s period=10s #success=1 #failure=3 26 Readiness: http-get http://:44135/readiness delay=1s timeout=1s period=10s #success=1 #failure=3 27 Environment: 28 TILLER_NAMESPACE: kube-system 29 TILLER_HISTORY_MAX: 0 30 Mounts: 31 /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from tiller-token-kjqb7 (ro) 32 Conditions: 33 ………………
由上可見,映象下載失敗。原因是映象在國外,因此這裡需要修改映象地址
1 [root@k8s-master helm]# helm init --upgrade --tiller-image registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/google_registry/tiller:v2.16.9 2 [root@k8s-master helm]# 3 ### 等待一會兒後 4 [root@k8s-master helm]# kubectl get pod -o wide -A | grep 'till' 5 kube-system tiller-deploy-7b7787d77-zln6t 1/1 Running 0 8m43s 10.244.4.123 k8s-node01 <none> <none>
由上可見,Helm服務端tiller部署成功
helm版本資訊檢視
1 [root@k8s-master helm]# helm version 2 Client: &version.Version{SemVer:"v2.16.9", GitCommit:"8ad7037828e5a0fca1009dabe290130da6368e39", GitTreeState:"clean"} 3 Server: &version.Version{SemVer:"v2.16.9", GitCommit:"8ad7037828e5a0fca1009dabe290130da6368e39", GitTreeState:"dirty"}
Helm使用
helm源地址
helm預設使用的charts源地址
1 [root@k8s-master helm]# helm repo list 2 NAME URL 3 stable https://kubernetes-charts.storage.googleapis.com 4 local http://127.0.0.1:8879/charts
改變helm源【是否改變helm源,根據實際情況而定,一般不需要修改】
1 helm repo remove stable 2 helm repo add stable https://kubernetes.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/charts 3 helm repo update 4 helm repo list
helm安裝包下載存放位置
/root/.helm/cache/archive
helm常見應用操作
1 # 列出charts倉庫中所有可用的應用 2 helm search 3 # 查詢指定應用 4 helm search memcached 5 # 查詢指定應用的具體資訊 6 helm inspect stable/memcached 7 # 用helm安裝軟體包,--name:指定release名字 8 helm install --name memcached1 stable/memcached 9 # 檢視安裝的軟體包 10 helm list 11 # 刪除指定引用 12 helm delete memcached1
helm常用命令
chart管理
1 create:根據給定的name建立一個新chart 2 fetch:從倉庫下載chart,並(可選項)將其解壓縮到本地目錄中 3 inspect:chart詳情 4 package:打包chart目錄到一個chart歸檔 5 lint:語法檢測 6 verify:驗證位於給定路徑的chart已被簽名且有效
release管理
1 get:下載一個release 2 delete:根據給定的release name,從Kubernetes中刪除指定的release 3 install:安裝一個chart 4 list:顯示release列表 5 upgrade:升級release 6 rollback:回滾release到之前的一個版本 7 status:顯示release狀態資訊 8 history:Fetch release歷史資訊
helm常見操作
1 # 新增倉庫 2 helm repo add REPO_INFO # 如:helm repo add incubator http://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-charts-incubator 3 ##### 示例 4 helm repo add incubator http://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-charts-incubator 5 helm repo add elastic https://helm.elastic.co 6 # 檢視helm倉庫列表 7 helm repo list 8 # 建立chart【可供參考,一般都是自己手動建立chart】 9 helm create CHART_PATH 10 # 根據指定chart部署一個release 11 helm install --name RELEASE_NAME CHART_PATH 12 # 根據指定chart模擬安裝一個release,並列印處debug資訊 13 helm install --dry-run --debug --name RELEASE_NAME CHART_PATH 14 # 列出已經部署的release 15 helm list 16 # 列出所有的release 17 helm list --all 18 # 查詢指定release的狀態 19 helm status Release_NAME 20 # 回滾到指定版本的release,這裡指定的helm release版本 21 helm rollback Release_NAME REVISION_NUM 22 # 檢視指定release的歷史資訊 23 helm history Release_NAME 24 # 對指定chart打包 25 helm package CHART_PATH 如:helm package my-test-app/ 26 # 對指定chart進行語法檢測 27 helm lint CHART_PATH 28 # 檢視指定chart詳情 29 helm inspect CHART_PATH 30 # 從Kubernetes中刪除指定release相關的資源【helm list --all 中仍然可見release記錄資訊】 31 helm delete RELEASE_NAME 32 # 從Kubernetes中刪除指定release相關的資源,並刪除release記錄 33 helm delete --purge RELEASE_NAME
上述操作可結合下文示例,這樣能看到更多細節。
helm示例
chart檔案資訊
1 [root@k8s-master helm]# pwd 2 /root/k8s_practice/helm 3 [root@k8s-master helm]# 4 [root@k8s-master helm]# mkdir my-test-app 5 [root@k8s-master helm]# cd my-test-app 6 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# 7 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# ll 8 total 8 9 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 158 Jul 16 17:53 Chart.yaml 10 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 49 Jul 16 21:04 templates 11 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 129 Jul 16 21:04 values.yaml 12 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# 13 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# cat Chart.yaml 14 apiVersion: v1 15 appVersion: v2.2 16 description: my test app 17 keywords: 18 - myapp 19 maintainers: 20 - email: [email protected] 21 name: zhang 22 # 該name值與上級目錄名相同 23 name: my-test-app 24 version: v1.0.0 25 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# 26 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# cat values.yaml 27 deployname: my-test-app02 28 replicaCount: 2 29 images: 30 repository: registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/google_registry/myapp 31 tag: v2 32 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# 33 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# ll templates/ 34 total 8 35 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 544 Jul 16 21:04 deployment.yaml 36 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 222 Jul 16 20:41 service.yaml 37 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# 38 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# cat templates/deployment.yaml 39 apiVersion: apps/v1 40 kind: Deployment 41 metadata: 42 name: {{ .Values.deployname }} 43 labels: 44 app: mytestapp-deploy 45 spec: 46 replicas: {{ .Values.replicaCount }} 47 selector: 48 matchLabels: 49 app: mytestapp 50 env: test 51 template: 52 metadata: 53 labels: 54 app: mytestapp 55 env: test 56 description: mytest 57 spec: 58 containers: 59 - name: myapp-pod 60 image: {{ .Values.images.repository }}:{{ .Values.images.tag }} 61 imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent 62 ports: 63 - containerPort: 80 64 65 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# 66 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# cat templates/service.yaml 67 apiVersion: v1 68 kind: Service 69 metadata: 70 name: my-test-app 71 namespace: default 72 spec: 73 type: NodePort 74 selector: 75 app: mytestapp 76 env: test 77 ports: 78 - name: http 79 port: 80 80 targetPort: 80 81 protocol: TCP
生成release
1 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# pwd 2 /root/k8s_practice/helm/my-test-app 3 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# ll 4 total 8 5 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 160 Jul 16 21:15 Chart.yaml 6 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 49 Jul 16 21:04 templates 7 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 129 Jul 16 21:04 values.yaml 8 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# 9 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# helm install --name mytest-app01 . ### 如果在上級目錄則為 helm install --name mytest-app01 my-test-app/ 10 NAME: mytest-app01 11 LAST DEPLOYED: Thu Jul 16 21:18:08 2020 12 NAMESPACE: default 13 STATUS: DEPLOYED 14 15 RESOURCES: 16 ==> v1/Deployment 17 NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE 18 my-test-app02 0/2 2 0 0s 19 20 ==> v1/Pod(related) 21 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE 22 my-test-app02-58cb6b67fc-4ss4v 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s 23 my-test-app02-58cb6b67fc-w2nhc 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s 24 25 ==> v1/Service 26 NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE 27 my-test-app NodePort 10.110.82.62 <none> 80:30965/TCP 0s 28 29 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# helm list 30 NAME REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION NAMESPACE 31 mytest-app01 1 Thu Jul 16 21:18:08 2020 DEPLOYED my-test-app-v1.0.0 v2.2 default
curl訪問
1 [root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pod -o wide 2 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES 3 my-test-app02-58cb6b67fc-4ss4v 1/1 Running 0 9m3s 10.244.2.187 k8s-node02 <none> <none> 4 my-test-app02-58cb6b67fc-w2nhc 1/1 Running 0 9m3s 10.244.4.134 k8s-node01 <none> <none> 5 [root@k8s-master ~]# 6 [root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get svc -o wide 7 NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE SELECTOR 8 kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 65d <none> 9 my-test-app NodePort 10.110.82.62 <none> 80:30965/TCP 9m8s app=mytestapp,env=test 10 [root@k8s-master ~]# 11 ##### 根據svc的IP訪問 12 [root@k8s-master ~]# curl 10.110.82.62 13 Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a> 14 [root@k8s-master ~]# 15 [root@k8s-master ~]# curl 10.110.82.62/hostname.html 16 my-test-app02-58cb6b67fc-4ss4v 17 [root@k8s-master ~]# 18 [root@k8s-master ~]# curl 10.110.82.62/hostname.html 19 my-test-app02-58cb6b67fc-w2nhc 20 [root@k8s-master ~]# 21 ##### 根據本機的IP訪問 22 [root@k8s-master ~]# curl 172.16.1.110:30965/hostname.html 23 my-test-app02-58cb6b67fc-w2nhc 24 [root@k8s-master ~]# 25 [root@k8s-master ~]# curl 172.16.1.110:30965/hostname.html 26 my-test-app02-58cb6b67fc-4ss4v
chart更新
values.yaml檔案修改
1 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# pwd 2 /root/k8s_practice/helm/my-test-app 3 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# 4 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# cat values.yaml 5 deployname: my-test-app02 6 replicaCount: 2 7 images: 8 repository: registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/google_registry/myapp 9 # 改了tag 10 tag: v3
重新release釋出
1 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# helm list 2 NAME REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION NAMESPACE 3 mytest-app01 1 Thu Jul 16 21:18:08 2020 DEPLOYED my-test-app-v1.0.0 v2.2 default 4 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# 5 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# helm upgrade mytest-app01 . ### 如果在上級目錄則為 helm upgrade mytest-app01 my-test-app/ 6 Release "mytest-app01" has been upgraded. 7 LAST DEPLOYED: Thu Jul 16 21:32:25 2020 8 NAMESPACE: default 9 STATUS: DEPLOYED 10 11 RESOURCES: 12 ==> v1/Deployment 13 NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE 14 my-test-app02 2/2 1 2 14m 15 16 ==> v1/Pod(related) 17 NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE 18 my-test-app02-58cb6b67fc-4ss4v 1/1 Running 0 14m 19 my-test-app02-58cb6b67fc-w2nhc 1/1 Running 0 14m 20 my-test-app02-6b84df49bb-lpww7 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s 21 22 ==> v1/Service 23 NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE 24 my-test-app NodePort 10.110.82.62 <none> 80:30965/TCP 14m 25 26 27 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# 28 [root@k8s-master my-test-app]# helm list 29 NAME REVISION UPDATED STATUS CHART APP VERSION NAMESPACE 30 mytest-app01 2 Thu Jul 16 21:32:25 2020 DEPLOYED my-test-app-v1.0.0 v2.2 default
curl訪問,可參見上面。可見app version已從v2改為了v3。
相關閱讀
1、Helm官網地址
2、Helm官網部署helm
3、Helm的GitHub地址
完畢!
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