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Promise是如何實現非同步程式設計的?

## Promise標準 不能免俗地貼個Promise標準連結[Promises/A+](https://promisesaplus.com/)。ES6的Promise有很多方法,包括Promise.all()/Promise.resolve()/Promise.reject()等,但其實這些都是Promises/A+規範之外的,Promises/A+規範只定義了一個Promise.then()方法,這是Promise的核心。 ## 基本結構 ```js new Promise((resolve, reject) => { let a = 0; if (a > 1) { resolve(a); } else { reject(a); } }).then(res => { console.log(res); }, err => { console.log(err); }) ``` Promise接收一個函式作為引數,我們稱之為executor,該函式有兩個引數resolve和reject,這兩個引數也都是函式,並且,它們定義在Promise內部。 那麼我們定義一個class並定義一個_isFunction方法,用來校驗建構函式的引數必須是函式。再定義resolve和reject這兩個方法。 ```js class MyPromise{ constructor(executor){ if(!this._isFunction(executor)){ throw new Error(`Promise resolver ${executor} is not a function`); } } _isFunction(val){ return Object.prototype.toString.call(val) === '[object Function]'; } _resolve(){ } _reject(){ } } ``` ## Promise狀態、resolve、reject Promise有三種狀態,分別是pending(等待中)、fulfilled(成功)、rejected(失敗)。狀態改變只能從pending => fulfilled,或者pending => rejected。 resolve的作用,就是將Promise的狀態從pending改為fulfilled,它接收一個引數作為Promise執行成功的值,這個值會傳給then的第一個回撥函式。reject的作用是將Promise的狀態從pending改為rejected,它也接收一個引數作為Promise執行失敗的值,這個值會傳給then的第二個回撥函式。 那麼我們定義好狀態_status、_resolve、_reject,再定義兩個陣列_handleFulfilled、_handleRejected,分別存放then的成功和失敗回撥集合。當用戶呼叫resolve或reject方法後,開始非同步呼叫_handleFulfilled或_handleRejected陣列中的回撥。 ```js class MyPromise { constructor(executor) { if (!this._isFunction(executor)) { throw new Error(`${executor} is not a function`); } this._status = "pending"; this._value = undefined; this._handleFulfilled = []; this._handleRejected = []; // 很多文章在這裡給executor加了try catch,實際上原生Promise的executor中的錯誤並沒有捕獲 executor(this._resolve.bind(this), this._reject.bind(this)); } _isFunction(val) { return Object.prototype.toString.call(val) === "[object Function]"; } _resolve(value) { if(this._status === 'pending'){ this._status = "fulfilled"; this._value = value; let cb; // 非同步按順序呼叫並清空回撥 setTimeout(() => { while(cb = this._handleFulfilled.shift()){ cb(value); } }, 0) } } _reject(value) { if(this._status === 'pending'){ this._status = "rejected"; this._value = value; let cb; // 非同步按順序呼叫並清空回撥 setTimeout(() => { while ((cb = this._handleRejected.shift())) { cb(value); } }, 0); } } } ``` ## Promise.then Promise.then定義了兩個回撥onFulfilled和onRejected ```js promise.then(onFulfilled, onRejected) ``` 它們分別在Promise執行成功/失敗時執行,它們都是可選的,Promises/A+規範規定,如果onFulfilled或onRejected不是函式,將被忽略,Promise會繼續執行下一個then的回撥。比如下面的例子會輸出1,.then(2)則被忽略了。 ```js new Promise((resolve, reject) => { resolve(1); }) .then(2) .then((res) => { console.log(res); }); ``` then可以鏈式呼叫,是因為每個then都會返回一個新的Promise。then執行onFulfilled還是onRejected,取決於Promise的狀態,如果Promise狀態為pending,只會將onFulfilled和onRejected分別push到_handleFulfilled和_handleRejected陣列;如果狀態為fulfilled,會執行對應的onFulfilled;如果狀態是rejected,執行對應的onRejected; 那麼then方法的基本結構如下 ```js then(onFulfilled, onRejected) { const self = this; const { _value, _status } = this; // 如果onFulfilled、onRejected不是函式,強制改為函式,並且該函式直接返回接收到的引數,傳後面的then的回撥函式 onFulfilled = self._isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (v) => v; onRejected = self._isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (v) => v; return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => { switch (_status) { case "pending": self._handleFulfilled.push(onFulfilled); self._handleRejected.push(onRejected); break; case "fulfilled": onFulfilled(_value); // todo break; case "rejected": onRejected(_value); // todo break; default: throw new Error('Promise resolver Unverified status'); break; } }); } ``` 在then鏈式呼叫的情況下,如果前一個then返回的是一個新Promise,後一個then的回撥必須等這個新Promise的狀態改變後才會執行。舉例,下面的程式碼輸出1之後,等待3秒才會輸出2: ```js new Promise(resolve => { resolve() }).then(() => { return new Promise(resolve => { console.log(1); setTimeout(() => { resolve() }, 3000) }) }).then(() => { console.log(2); }) ``` 因此要對then的回撥函式的返回值做個判斷,如果返回值不是Promise,利用resolve直接返回這個值;如果返回值是Promise,就要等這個Promise狀態變化之後再返回,而Promise狀態變化之後一定會呼叫then的回撥函式,利用這個特性,將resolve、reject作為then的回撥函式即可。 ```js then(onFulfilled, onRejected) { const self = this; const { _value, _status } = this; // 如果onFulfilled、onRejected不是函式,強制改為函式,並且該函式直接返回接收到的引數,傳後面的then的回撥函式 onFulfilled = self._isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (v) => v; onRejected = self._isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (v) => v; return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => { const fulfilled = (value) => { const res = onFulfilled(value); if (res instanceof MyPromise) { res.then(resolve, reject); } else { resolve(res); } }; const rejected = (value) => { const res = onRejected(value); if (res instanceof MyPromise) { // 這裡是重點 res.then(resolve, reject); } else { reject(res); } }; switch (_status) { case "pending": self._handleFulfilled.push(fulfilled); self._handleRejected.push(rejected); break; case "fulfilled": fulfilled(_value); break; case "rejected": rejected(_value); break; default: throw new Error('Promise resolver Unverified status'); break; } }); } ``` 完整程式碼 ```js class MyPromise { constructor(executor) { if (!this._isFunction(executor)) { throw new Error(`${executor} is not a function`); } this._status = "pending"; this._value = undefined; this._handleFulfilled = []; this._handleRejected = []; // 很多文章在這裡給executor加了try catch,實際上原生Promise的executor中的錯誤並沒有捕獲 executor(this._resolve.bind(this), this._reject.bind(this)); } _isFunction(val) { return Object.prototype.toString.call(val) === "[object Function]"; } _resolve(value) { if (this._status === "pending") { this._status = "fulfilled"; this._value = value; let cb; // 非同步按順序呼叫並清空回撥 setTimeout(() => { while ((cb = this._handleFulfilled.shift())) { cb(value); } }, 0); } } _reject(value) { if (this._status === "pending") { this._status = "rejected"; this._value = value; let cb; // 非同步按順序呼叫並清空回撥 setTimeout(() => { while ((cb = this._handleRejected.shift())) { cb(value); } }, 0); } } then(onFulfilled, onRejected) { const self = this; const { _value, _status } = this; // 如果onFulfilled、onRejected不是函式,強制改為函式,並且該函式直接返回接收到的引數,傳後面的then的回撥函式 onFulfilled = self._isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (v) => v; onRejected = self._isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (v) => v; return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => { const fulfilled = (value) => { const res = onFulfilled(value); if (res instanceof MyPromise) { res.then(resolve, reject); } else { resolve(res); } }; const rejected = (value) => { const res = onRejected(value); if (res instanceof MyPromise) { // 這裡是重點 res.then(resolve, reject); } else { reject(res); } }; switch (_status) { case "pending": self._handleFulfilled.push(fulfilled); self._handleRejected.push(rejected); break; case "fulfilled": fulfilled(_value); break; case "rejected": rejected(_value); break; default: throw new Error('Promise resolver Unverified status'); break; } }); } } ``` 測試一下,先輸出1,3秒後輸出2,說明MyPromise的基本功能沒問題了。 ```js new MyPromise((resolve) => { console.log(1); setTimeout(() => { resolve(2); }, 3000) }).then(res => { console.log(res); }) ``` 最後,總結一下,Promise是如何實現非同步程式設計的? Promise接收一個函式為引數,傳入了兩個內部的方法resolve和reject,然後用then註冊回撥函式,手動呼叫resolve或reject就可以依次執行then的回撥,並且給回撥函式傳值。如果then返回的也是Promise,同樣的,手動呼叫resolve或reject後,才會繼續往下執行。 其實本質上還是回撥函式,只不過寫法變了。 本文GitHub連結:[Promise是如何實現非同步程式設計的?](https://github.com/wangmeijian/blog/i