In this article, you can find a statistical cross-section of the Finnish architectural landscape. As the title suggests, this article is not going to look into the architectural qualities of different offices instead it’s going to use financial data and descriptive statistics to sense the architectural market in Finland.

在本文中，您可以找到芬蘭建築景觀的統計橫截面。 就像標題所暗示的那樣，本文將不會研究不同辦公室的建築質量，而是將使用財務資料和描述性統計資料來感知芬蘭的建築市場。

What’s the point of using financial data? The economy as a social science is essentially concerned with how people interact with things of value. Knowing how much people are willing to pay for a particular service quite often (though not always) can give an approximate hint about the value it provides to society. Additionally, Financial information is always meticulously collected and stored for management and taxation purposes. Since every office collects and stores financial data in a similar manner, we have a common metrics to compare otherwise very different organizations. Luckily for us, this information is openly available in Finland. With the use of some basic descriptive statistics, we can now analyze the information in the field and hopefully gain some useful insights. The dataset used for the article can be found below.

使用財務資料有什麼意義？ 經濟作為一門社會科學本質上是與人們如何與有價值的事物互動有關。 知道多少人願意(儘管並非總是)願意為某項特定服務付費，可以大致暗示其為社會提供的價值。 此外，出於管理和徵稅目的，始終會精心收集和儲存財務資訊。 由於每個辦公室都以類似的方式收集和儲存財務資料，因此我們有一個共同的指標來比較原本非常不同的組織。 對我們來說幸運的是，此資訊在芬蘭公開可用。 通過使用一些基本的描述性統計資訊，我們現在可以分析該領域的資訊，並希望獲得一些有用的見解。 該文章所使用的資料集可以在下面找到。

芬蘭建築在哪裡生產？ (Where is Finnish Architecture Produced?)

Before we take a deeper look into the financial performance of offices lets first see where the Finnish architectural offices are located. There are around 2615 registered offices across Finland.

在深入瞭解辦公室的財務狀況之前，首先要了解芬蘭建築辦公室的位置。 芬蘭大約有2615個註冊辦事處。

The map on the left shows the spatial distribution of architectural offices in Finland. Taking into account that Finland’s urbanization level is approximately 85.45%, It is not surprising that the majority of offices are clustered around metropolitan areas. The choropleth map below shows that Uusimaa is clearly the most densely packed region. An interesting observation is that 1.12% of offices are located above the arctic cycle. Furthermore, there is an architectural office registered above the 69th Latitude very close to the Finnish border with Norway. Finnish respect for personal space illustrated at its best.

左側的地圖顯示了芬蘭建築事務所的空間分佈。 考慮到芬蘭的城市化水平約為85.45％，因此大多數辦事處都集中在大都市區就不足為奇了。 下面的choropleth圖顯示，Uusimaa顯然是最密集的區域。 一個有趣的發現是1.12％的辦公室位於北極圈以上。 此外，在第69緯度上方註冊了一家建築事務所，非常靠近芬蘭與挪威的邊界。 芬蘭人最好地尊重個人空間。

The graph above shows that Helsinki is the center of architectural production with 377 registered offices. However, if we join the number of offices in the Helsinki metropolitan area (Helsinki, Espoo, and Vantaa) this number will rise to 499 (19.08% of all offices in Finland). Tampere comes second with 103 offices. This does not come as a surprise since Helsinki as the capital of Finland has the highest population. A relatively high population often means higher overall economic activity and a higher rate of investments.

上圖顯示，赫爾辛基是建築生產的中心，擁有377個註冊辦事處。 但是，如果我們加入赫爾辛基都會區(赫爾辛基，埃斯波和萬塔)的辦事處數量，這個數字將上升到499(佔芬蘭所有辦事處的19.08％)。 坦佩雷排名第二，擁有103個辦公室。 這並不奇怪，因為作為芬蘭首都的赫爾辛基人口最多。 相對較高的人口通常意味著較高的總體經濟活動和較高的投資率。

芬蘭的建築事務所有多大？ (How Big are Architectural Offices in Finland?)

Now that we know where the Finnish architectural offices are located let’s take a look at how big they are.

現在我們知道了芬蘭建築事務所的位置，讓我們看一下它們的規模。

The majority of the offices in Finland are definitely on a smaller side of the spectrum. 50% of offices have one or two employees. Naturally, when we have a positively skewed distribution the mean(average) is not a reliable measure. The few outliers (offices with a very high number of employees) distort the mean value. Therefore, in situations like this, it is more useful to look at the quartiles of the dataset instead.

芬蘭的大多數辦事處無疑都處於較小的範圍。 50％的辦公室有一兩個員工。 自然，當我們有一個正偏分佈時，均值(平均值)不是一個可靠的度量。 少數異常值(員工人數很多的辦公室)使平均值失真。 因此，在這種情況下，檢視資料集的四分位數會更有用。

25%: Only one employee

25％：只有一名員工

25%: Two employees

25％：兩名員工

25%: Between 2 and 7 employees

25％：2至7名員工

20%: Between 7 and 32 employees

20％：7至32名員工

5%: More than 32 employees

5％：超過32名員工

Offices that have more than 32 employees can be confidently considered big for Finland. Only 5% of offices reach or surpass this size. Below you can find the top 20 Biggest offices in Finland (2019).

擁有超過32名員工的辦公室可以說是芬蘭的佼佼者。 只有5％的辦公室達到或超過此規模。 您可以在下面找到芬蘭(2019)最大的20家最大的辦事處。

Optiplan is clearly leading the list. However, as we will see soon, just because the office has grown doesn’t mean its growth is supported by its financial performance.

Optiplan顯然是榜首。 但是，正如我們將很快看到的那樣，僅僅因為辦公室的增長並不意味著其增長受到財務業績的支援。

有多少建築事務所賺錢？ (How Much Architectural Offices Earn?)

At this point, the dataset had to be trimmed down to include only 1873 offices. The problem is that the big portion of registered offices are “one employee offices” that don’t see much economic activity throughout the year. Including these offices would blur the overall picture. However, It has been verified that the picked sample reflects the overall population. Below you can see the profit distribution in Finnish architectural offices during the year of 2019.

在這一點上，資料集必須進行精簡以僅包含1873個辦公室。 問題在於，註冊辦事處的很大一部分是“一個員工辦事處”，它們全年沒有太多的經濟活動。 包括這些辦事處將使整體情況模糊。 但是，已經證實，所選擇的樣本能夠反映總體人口。 您可以在下面看到2019年芬蘭建築事務所的利潤分配。

As expected the profit distribution is positively skewed. The median profit for the offices in Finland is 7000€. This means that 50% of the offices in Finland made less then 7000€ during the 2019 financial year. The long-tailed distribution means that Mean(average) is again not a reliable metric here. Additionally, office size is a major factor that determines the amount of money generated by the company. Therefore, it is more sensible to look at the quartiles of the dataset grouped by office size.

不出所料，利潤分配出現正偏斜。 芬蘭辦事處的利潤中位數為7000歐元。 這意味著在2019財年芬蘭50％的辦事處收入不到7000歐元。 長尾分佈意味著此處的Mean(平均值)也不是可靠的指標。 此外，辦公室規模是決定公司產生的資金量的主要因素。 因此，檢視按辦公室規模分組的資料集的四分位數更為明智。

What can be seen from the graph above is that the offices with more than 40 employees seem to generate higher median profit but they are also subjected to higher volatility in profits (possibly due to high operational costs). 30–40 employees seems to be the sweet spot. For offices of this scale, the median income is higher than in 95% of the offices in Finland yet the range of profits is not as vast as with the larger offices.

從上圖可以看出，擁有40名以上員工的辦公室似乎產生了更高的中位數利潤，但它們的利潤波動也更大(可能是由於較高的運營成本)。 30–40名員工似乎是最佳選擇。 對於這種規模的辦公室，收入中位數高於芬蘭95％的辦公室，但利潤範圍卻不如大型辦公室那麼大。

25 % of Finnish offices did not earn money in 2019.

2019年有25％的芬蘭辦事處沒有賺錢。

25 % earn between 0€ and 7.000€.

25％的收入介於0歐元至7.000歐元之間。

25% earn between 7.000€ and 38.000€.

25％的收入在7.000歐元至38.000歐元之間。

20 % earn between 38.000€ and 307.000€.

20％的收入在38.000歐元至307.000歐元之間。

Only the Top 5% earns more then 307.000€ per year.

只有前5％的人每年的收入才超過307.000歐元。

誰是收入最高的5％？ (Who are the top 5%?)

Now that we have a rough idea about the overall situation let’s look at the top performers. These are the companies that are “exceptions” and have profits that are way above what the majority of the offices make. Below you can see the top 25 office by turnover in 2019.

現在，我們對總體情況有了一個大概的瞭解，讓我們看看錶現最好的公司。 這些是“例外”公司，其利潤遠遠超過大多數辦事處的利潤。 您可以在下面看到按營業額排名的前25名辦事處。

In the 2019 Architectural market as a whole was worth approximately 356.784.000 €. The market share of these 25 firms together accounts for 45.47% of the whole market. This might be a little concerning. This leaves 54.53% of available capital for the remaining 2592 offices to share. Naturally, this results in fierce competition between smaller offices(More on this later).

在2019年整個建築市場價值約356.784.000€。 這25家公司的市場份額合計佔整個市場的45.47％。 這可能有點令人擔憂。 剩下的54.53％的可用資金可供其餘2592個辦事處共享。 當然，這會導致較小的辦公室之間展開激烈的競爭(稍後會詳細介紹)。

Additionally, high turnover doesn’t equal to a profitable company (the distinction between turnover and profit). In companies with high turnover but negative profits capacity for growth is rather limited. If the same turnover/profit ratio persists for several years then the company will quickly burn through its cash and increase the debt burden. These offices are worth avoiding both as an employee and as a client. Somewhere along the road, these companies will need to cut their operative expenses. For architectural offices, operative expenses include rent, computers, equipment, software licenses, etc. However, the biggest expense is often the payroll(employees).

此外，高營業額並不等於一家盈利的公司(營業額與利潤之間的區別)。 在營業額高但利潤為負的公司中，增長的能力相當有限。 如果相同的營業額/利潤率持續數年，那麼公司將Swift消耗掉現金並增加債務負擔。 這些辦公室無論是作為僱員還是作為客戶都值得避免。 這些公司將需要削減運營成本。 對於建築事務所，運營支出包括租金，計算機，裝置，軟體許可等。但是，最大的支出通常是工資單(員工) 。

多少建築師賺？ (How Much Architects Earn?)

How much money architects earn for generating a 350 million euro industry? Below you can see the salary distribution for architects employed In Finland.

建築師為創造3.5億歐元的產業能賺多少錢？ 您可以在下面看到在芬蘭工作的建築師的工資分配。

The graph includes the salaries of 5388 architects across Finland in 2019. This graph excludes the first and ninth deciles(Top and bottom 10%) in order to exclude exceptionally high and exceptionally low salaries that are fairly uncommon. The mean salary for architecture professions in 2019 was 4173€ and the median was at 4072€. The spike between 5500 and 6000 is probably not due to high office salaries but rather one employee architectural offices where the owner is exceptionally generous with his own salary. This is relatively high if we compare to the world’s average. However, The money for free education and free healthcare has to come from somewhere. Progressive taxes and high living expenses in Finland can melt the salary away pretty quickly. Approximately 20% — 25% of the average architects’ salary is the income tax. On top of that 7.15% pension insurance contribution and 1.25% and unemployment insurance contribution ( rough approximation).

該圖包括2019年芬蘭5388位建築師的薪水。該圖不包括第一個和第九個十分位數(最高和最低10％)，以便排除相當罕見的極高和極低薪水。 2019年建築行業的平均工資為4173歐元，中位數為4072歐元。 5500和6000之間的飆升可能不是由於辦公室薪水高引起的，而是由於一名員工建築事務所的所有者對自己的薪水格外慷慨。 如果與世界平均水平相比，這個數字相對較高。 但是，免費教育和免費醫療保健的錢必須來自某個地方。 芬蘭的累進稅和高昂的生活費可以很快地融化工資。 建築師平均工資的大約20％-25％是所得稅。 除此以外，還有7.15％的養老保險金和1.25％的失業保險金(粗略估算)。

If you’re in architecture for money then it’s very likely that you’re in the wrong field.

如果您是為了錢而從事建築，那麼很可能您選錯了領域。

As demonstrated earlier not all offices in the top 25 are profitable despite their high turnover. And the salary distributions show the costs of operating an architectural office in Finland are relatively high. Additionally, besides the payroll, it is a common occurrence for the office to offer a generous benefits package that might include weekly yoga, massage, and international office trips once or twice per year. Of course, these measures are not purely for employees’ wellbeing since they also provide some tax relief. Nevertheless, these are valid expenses, and not having any benefits puts an office in a precarious position when it’s hunting for a limited pool of talents.

如前所述，儘管營業額很高，但並非前25名中的所有辦事處都是盈利的。 薪資分配表明，在芬蘭運營建築事務所的成本相對較高。 此外，除了薪資外，辦公室經常提供豐厚的福利待遇，其中包括每週一次瑜伽，按摩和每年一次或兩次的國際辦公室旅行。 當然，這些措施並不僅僅為了員工的福利，因為它們還提供了一些稅收減免。 但是，這些都是有效的支出，沒有任何好處，在尋找有限的人才庫時，辦公室處於不穩定的位置。

All of these expenses require not only high turnover but also professional management to balance the delicate equation and come out as profitable. Below you can the 20 most profitable offices during 2019 and as you can see the names are quite different from the previous list.

所有這些費用不僅需要高營業額，而且還需要專業的管理人員來平衡微妙的平衡並實現盈利。 您可以在下面找到2019年最賺錢的20個辦公室，並且您可以看到它們的名稱與以前的列表有很大不同。

辦公室如何擴充套件？ (How Offices Scale?)

At what rate should offices in Finland grow? Intuitively we understand that more profit leads to bigger offices with more employees. How are these variables correlated in reality?

芬蘭的辦事處應以什麼速度增長？ 憑直覺，我們瞭解到，更多的利潤可以帶來更多員工的更大辦公室。 這些變數在現實中如何關聯？

In order to answer this question, it’s important to understand the causal relationships between these variables. Very often offices are paid more for bigger and more complex projects since big projects require more working hours to complete. Subsequently, the necessity to handle more complex projects might force the office to hire new employees. On the other hand, offices that have highly skilled workers or rely on automation do not necessarily need to scale at the same rate as other offices. With this in mind, let’s take a look at the simple scatter plot below.

為了回答這個問題，重要的是要了解這些變數之間的因果關係。 由於大型專案需要更多的工作時間才能完成，所以大型大型專案通常會給辦公室酬勞。 隨後，處理更復雜專案的必要性可能迫使辦公室僱用新員工。 另一方面，擁有高技能工人或依靠自動化的辦公室不一定需要與其他辦公室以相同的比例擴充套件。 考慮到這一點，讓我們看一下下面的簡單散點圖。

With simple linear regression, we can see that the variables are indeed positively correlated with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.699 (r =1 would mean perfect positive correlation, r = 0 no correlation, and r = -1 strong negative correlation). Although the regression does not describe the bigger offices accurately (due to the big variance in profits mentioned earlier) the general trend can still be identified. r = 0.699 is a relatively strong association. Note that Linear Regression sacrifices accuracy for each individual data point in order to illustrate the overall correlation.

通過簡單的線性迴歸，我們可以看到變數確實與相關係數r = 0.699正相關(r = 1表示完全正相關，r = 0沒有相關，r = -1強負相關)。 儘管迴歸不能準確地描述較大的辦事處(由於前面提到的利潤差異很大)，但仍可以確定總體趨勢。 r = 0.699是一個相對強的關聯。 請注意，線性迴歸犧牲了每個單獨資料點的準確性，以說明整體相關性。

Based on these results we can estimate the following simple formula:

根據這些結果，我們可以估算以下簡單公式：

Number of Employees ≈ 45.7 * Profit + 3.37

員工人數≈45.7 *利潤+ 3.37

*Company profit should be in millions. For instance: 300.000€ = 0.3

*公司利潤應以百萬計。 例如：300.000€= 0.3

應用公式的實際示例： (Real-life examples of applying the formula:)

Geometria建築有限公司 (Geometria Architecture Oy)

Estimated Num. of Employees ≈ 45.7 * 0.022+ 3.37

估計數量。 員工人數≈45.7 * 0.022+ 3.37

Estimated Num. of Employees ≈ 4

估計數量。 員工數≈4

Actual Num. of Employees = 3

實際數字。 員工數= 3

Avanto Arkkitehdit Oy (Avanto Arkkitehdit Oy)

Estimated Num. of Employees ≈ 45.7 * 0.043+ 3.37

估計數量。 員工人數≈45.7 * 0.043+ 3.37

Estimated Num. of Employees ≈ 5

估計數量。 員工數≈5

Actual Num. of Employees = 4

實際數字。 員工數= 4

Arkkitehdit Rudanko + Kankkunen (Arkkitehdit Rudanko + Kankkunen)

Estimated Num. of Employees ≈ 45.7 * 0.148 + 3.37

估計數量。 員工人數≈45.7 * 0.148 + 3.37

Estimated Num. of Employees ≈ 10

估計數量。 員工人數≈10

Actual Num. of Employees = 12

實際數字。 員工數= 12

Arkkitehtitoimisto K2S (Arkkitehtitoimisto K2S)

Estimated Num. of Employees ≈ 45.7 * 0.345 + 3.37

估計數量。 員工人數≈45.7 * 0.345 + 3.37

Estimated Num. of Employees ≈ 19

估計數量。 員工人數≈19

Actual Num. of Employees = 12

實際數字。 員工數= 12

Futudesign Oy (Futudesign Oy)

Estimated Num. of Employees ≈ 45.7 * 0.243 + 3.37

估計數量。 員工人數≈45.7 * 0.243 + 3.37

Estimated Num. of Employees ≈ 14

估計數量。 員工人數≈14

Actual Num. of Employees = 14

實際數字。 員工數= 14

Arkkitehtitoimisto ALA (Arkkitehtitoimisto ALA)

Estimated Num. of Employees ≈ 45.7 * 0.538 + 3.37

估計數量。 員工人數≈45.7 * 0.538 + 3.37

Estimated Num. of Employees ≈ 28

估計數量。 員工人數≈28

Actual Num. of Employees = 50

實際數字。 員工數= 50

You can use the formula to determine your office’s position relative to the market. If the estimated number of employees is significantly lower then the actual number of employees, it could mean that there are offices in Finland that generate a similar profit with fewer resources. On the other hand, If the estimated number of employees is significantly higher than the actual number, it could mean that your operations are efficient and you might have room for growth.

您可以使用公式來確定您的辦公室相對於市場的位置。 如果估計的僱員人數大大少於實際的僱員人數，則可能意味著芬蘭的辦事處以較少的資源產生了類似的利潤。 另一方面，如果估計的員工人數大大高於實際人數，則可能意味著您的運營效率很高，您可能還有增長的空間。

In any case, it's good to keep in mind that employees are not just numbers on a balance sheet. Often what they bring to your organization is not measurable with a financial report.

無論如何，要記住，員工不僅僅是資產負債表上的數字。 通常，它們帶給您組織的東西無法通過財務報告來衡量。

資料集 (The Dataset)

These are only a few of the aspects that can be studied with the underlying dataset. Those interested in their own expiration can find the dataset here. It takes time and effort to produce a datasets please follow the copyright guidelines.

這些只是基礎資料集可以研究的幾個方面。 那些對自己的到期感興趣的人可以在這裡找到資料集。 生成資料集需要花費時間和精力，請遵循版權準則。

免責宣告 (Disclaimer)

Take the results with a healthy dose of skepticism. I am neither an economist nor an anaccountant.

對結果持懷疑態度。 我既不是經濟學家，也不是會計。

There is a lot of “luck” involved in running an office. To an extent all listed offices are successful since we do not have information on offices that did not survive the market.

辦辦公室涉及很多“運氣”。 在一定程度上，所有列出的辦事處都是成功的，因為我們沒有關於未倖存的辦事處的資訊 市場。

Profit vs the number of employee relationships is just one feature for comparison. If you ever glanced at the financial statement of a publicly-traded company you know that one number is never enough for evaluating complex organizations.

利潤與員工關係的數量只是比較的一項功能。 如果您瀏覽過一家上市公司的財務報表，就會知道，只有一個數字永遠不足以評估複雜的組織。

The article is as good as the underlying dataset. If your office is missing, it is due to Fonecta not having your office information.

該文章與基礎資料集一樣好。 如果您的辦公室丟失，則是由於Fonecta沒有您的辦公室資訊。

資料來源 (Sources)

The data for this article was provided by:

本文的資料由以下人員提供：

Fonecta Statistics Finland

芬蘭Fonecta統計

工具類(Tools)

Scraping: Beautiful Soup, Selenium

刮:：美麗的湯，Selenium

Analysis: Python, Pandas, NumPy, SciPy

分析： Python， 熊貓，NumPy，SciPy

Graphs: Matplotlib, Seaborn

圖表：Matplotlib，Seaborn

關於作者 (About the Author)

I am an architectural researcher/Ph.D. Candidate at Aalto University.

我是建築研究人員/博士。 阿爾託大學的候選人。