make使用總結(4)-Makefile語法
阿新 • • 發佈:2020-12-22
make使用總結(4)-Makefile語法
函式
為了方便Makefile的編寫,make已經為我們定義了多個常用函式。make函式的呼叫格式與變數引用相似,基本格式如下:$(function arguments)
或 ${function arguments}
.arguments為函式的引數,引數以,
進行分割。函式處理引數時,若引數中存在其它變數或函式的引用,則先展開引數再進行函式處理,展開順序與引數的先後順序一致。函式中的引數不能直接出現逗號和空格,前導空格會被忽略,若需要使用逗號和空格則需要將它們賦值給變數。下面一一介紹。
文字替換函式
函式subst,patsubst以字串中的單詞為單位。
subst
函式- format:$(subst FROM,TO,TEXT)
- 將字串
TEXT
中的FROM
單詞替換為TO
。
patsubst
函式- format:$(patsubst PATTERN,REPLACEMENT,TEXT)
- 查詢TEXT字串中的單詞(單詞以“空格”、“Tab”或“回車”“換行”分隔)是否符合模式PATTERN,如果匹配的話,則以REPLACEMENT替換。這裡,PATTERN可以包括萬用字元
%
,表示任意長度的字串。如果REPLACEMENT中也包含%
,那麼REPLACEMENT中的這個%
將是PATTERN中的那個%
所代表的字串。(可以用“\”來轉義,以“%”來表示真實含義的“%”字元).
- strip函式
- format:$(strip STRING)
- 簡化字串中的空格,將多個連續空格合併成一個
使用例程如下:
#test function subst patsubst strip .PHONY:raw sub patsub str_a := a.o b.o c.o f.o.o abcdefg str_b := $(subst .o,.c,$(str_a)) str_c := $(patsubst %.o,%.c,$(str_a)) str_d := $(patsubst .o,.c,$(str_a)) str_e := $(patsubst a.o,a.c,$(str_a)) str_1 := " a b c " str_2 := $(strip $(str_1)) sub:raw @echo "str_b=" $(str_b) #replace all match char for per word patsub:raw @echo "str_c=" $(str_c) #replace match pattern @echo "str_d=" $(str_d) #replace nothing @echo "str_e=" $(str_e) #replace all-match word strip: @echo "str_1=" $(str_1) #looks like auto strip by make4.1 @echo "str_2=" $(str_2) raw: @echo "str_a=" $(str_a)
字串處理函式
findstring
函式- format:$(findstring FIND,IN)
- 在字串IN中查詢字串FIND,若存在返回字串,否則返回空.
filter
函式- $(filter PATTERN…,TEXT)
- 去除字串TEXT中指定模式的字串.
filter-out
函式- format:$(filter-out PATTERN…,TEXT)
- 保留指定模式的字串,去除其它字串
sort
函式- format:$(sort LIST)
- 按首字母順序進行排序
word
函式- format:$(word N,TEXT)
- 獲取第N個單詞
wordlist
函式- format:$(wordlist S,E,TEXT)
- 獲取從S位置到E位置的單詞
words
函式- format:$(words TEXT)
- 統計字串中的單詞數量
firstword
函式- format:$(firstword NAMES…)
- 獲取第一個單詞
join
函式- format:$(join LIST1,LIST2)
- 將LIST1和LIST2中的單詞按順序逐個連線
- eg:
str_a := cxx.o n.o fxx.o str_join := ./dira/ ./dirb/ ./dirc/ str_n := $(join $(str_join),$(str_a)) # 連結結果 # str_n= ./dira/cxx.o ./dirb/n.o ./dirc/fxx.o
call
函式- format:$(call VARIABLE,PARAM,PARAM,…)
- 此函式用於使用者對自定義函式的引用。
使用例程如下:
#test wrods related function
.PHONY:raw find filt filt_out sort word word_list first_word words join call
str_a := cxx.o n.o fxx.o xy.c fab.o zy.py jor.py abc.o
str_b := $(findstring xx,$(str_a)) #make sure if xx include in str_a
str_c := $(findstring .o x,$(str_a)) #even can include space char
str_d := $(findstring nothing,$(str_a)) #search no-exist words
str_e := $(filter %.py,$(str_a)) #filster
str_f := $(filter-out %.py,$(str_a)) #filter-out
str_g := $(sort $(str_a)) #sort according first char,if same then next char
str_h := $(word 3,$(str_a)) # get the 3rd word
str_i := $(word 99,$(str_a)) # out of range
str_j := $(wordlist 3,5,$(str_a)) #list 3rd to 5rd words
str_k := $(wordlist 3,99,$(str_a)) #list our of range
str_l := $(firstword $(str_a)) #first word
str_m := $(words $(str_a)) #cacu words num
str_join := ./dira/ ./dirb/ ./dirc/ ./dird/ ./dire/ ./dirf/
str_n := $(join $(str_join),$(str_a))
part_rev = $(4) $(3) $(2) $(1)
str_o = $(call part_rev,a,b,c,d,e,f,g) #must use "="
raw:
@echo "str_a=" $(str_a)
find:raw
@echo "str_b=" $(str_b)
@echo "str_c=" $(str_c)
@echo "str_d=" $(str_d)
filt:raw
@echo "str_e=" $(str_e)
filt_out:raw
@echo "str_f=" $(str_f)
sort:raw
@echo "str_g=" $(str_g)
word:raw
@echo "str_h=" $(str_h)
@echo "str_i=" $(str_i)
word_list:raw
@echo "str_j=" $(str_j)
@echo "str_k=" $(str_k)
first_word:raw
@echo "str_l=" $(str_l)
words:raw
@echo "str_m=" $(str_m)
join:raw
@echo "str_join=" $(str_join)
@echo "str_n=" $(str_n)
call:
@echo "str_o=" $(str_o)
檔名處理相關的函式
dir
函式- format:$(dir NAMES…)
- 獲取目錄
notdir
函式- format:$(notdir NAMES…)
- 獲取檔名
suffix
函式- format:$(suffix NAMES…)
- 獲取檔名的字尾
basename
函式- format:$(basename NAMES…)
- 獲取檔名的字首
addsuffix
函式- format:$(addsuffix SUFFIX,NAMES…)
- 增加字尾
addprefix
函式- format:$(addprefix PREFIX,NAMES…)
- 增加字首
wildcard
函式- format:$(wildcard PATTERN)
- 萬用字元使用。在Makefile規則中,萬用字元會被自動展開。但在變數定義和函式引用時,萬用字元將失效。但可以使用wildcard()函式來完成萬用字元的使用。在Makefile中,它被展開為已經存在的、使用空格分開的、匹配此模式的所有檔案列表.如果不存在任何符合此模式的檔案,函式會忽略模式字元並返回空。
.PHONY:init clean dir notdir base suffix addprefix addsuffix wildcard
dirs := dir_a
files := file_a.c file_b.s file_c.o #each file under per dir
files_a := $(foreach each,$(files),$(dirs)"/"$(each)) #get all files under a dir by foreach & word func
all_files := $(files_a)
detect_files := $(foreach each,$(dirs),$(wildcard $(each)/*))
detect_files := $(foreach each,$(detect_files),$(PWD)"/"$(each))
show := $(patsubst %,"\n"%,$(detect_files)) #add '\n' for view
vari_dir := $(dir $(detect_files))
show_dir := $(patsubst %,"\n"%,$(vari_dir))
vari_files := $(notdir $(detect_files))
vari_base := $(basename $(detect_files))
show_base := $(patsubst %,"\n"%,$(vari_base))
vari_suffix := $(suffix $(detect_files))
vari_addprefix := $(addprefix "full name:",$(detect_files))
show_addprefix := $(patsubst %,"\n"%,$(vari_addprefix))
vari_addsuffix := $(addsuffix ".text",$(detect_files))
show_addsuffix := $(patsubst %,"\n"%,$(vari_addsuffix))
test:
@echo "detected files:" $(vari_addprefix)
init:
@mkdir $(dirs);\
touch $(all_files);\
tree
dir:
@echo "detected files:" $(show)
@echo "get dir:" $(show_dir)
notdir:
@echo "detected files:" $(show)
@echo "get files:"
@echo $(vari_files)
base:
@echo "detected files:" $(show)
@echo "file base name:" $(show_base)
suffix:
@echo "detected files:" $(show)
@echo "file suffix:" $(vari_suffix)
addprefix:
@echo "detected files:" $(show)
@echo "file add prefix:" $(show_addprefix)
addsuffix:
@echo "detected files:" $(show)
@echo "file add suffix:" $(show_addsuffix)
clean:
@rm -rf $(dirs)
控制和變數相關的函式
shell
函式- format:$(shell CMD…)
- 呼叫shell並傳入CMD作為引數。我們在除了規則以外的地方使用shell命令時就要用此函式來呼叫shell命令。
foreach
函式- format:$(foreach VAR,LIST,TEXT)
- 把LIST字串中的單詞依次賦給VAR,並執行TEXT中的表示式
if
條件函式- format:
$(if CONDITION,THEN-PART[,ELSE-PART])
- 如果滿足CONDITION條件,執行THEN-PART語句,否則執行ELSE-PART語句
- format:
error
函式- format:$(error TEXT…)
- 產生致命錯誤並以TEXT內容進行提示
warning
函式- format:$(warning TEXT…)
- 產生警告並以TEXT內容進行提示
value
函式- format:$(value VARIABLE)
- 返回VARIABLE未展開前的定義值,即makefile中定義變數時所書寫的字串。
origin
函式- format:$(value VARIABLE)
- 返回變數的初始定義方式,包括:undefined,default,environment,environment override,file,command line,override,automatic
eval
函式
makefile1
.PHONY:init clean for_loop if_cond err warn shell
dirs := dir_a dir_b dir_c dir_d #each dir
files := file_a file_b file_c #each file under per dir
files_a := $(foreach each,$(files),$(word 1,$(dirs))"/"$(each)) #get all files under a dir by foreach & word func
files_b := $(foreach each,$(files),$(word 2,$(dirs))"/"$(each))
files_c := $(foreach each,$(files),$(word 3,$(dirs))"/"$(each))
files_d := $(foreach each,$(files),$(word 4,$(dirs))"/"$(each))
all_files := $(files_a)
all_files += $(files_b)
all_files += $(files_c)
all_files += $(files_d)
detect_files := $(foreach each,$(dirs),$(wildcard $(each)/*))
detect_files := $(patsubst %,"\n"%,$(detect_files)) #add '\n' for view
vari_a :=
vari_b := b
vari_c := $(if $(vari_a),"vari_a has value:"$(vari_a),"vari_a has no value")
vari_d := $(if $(vari_b),"vari_b has value:"$(vari_b),"vari_b has no value")
err_exit := $(if $(vari_e),$(error "you generate a error!"),"no error defined") #define vari_e to enable error
warn_go := $(if $(vari_f),$(warning "you generate a warning!"),"no warning defined") #define vari_f to enalbe warning
shell_cmd := $(shell date)
init:
@mkdir $(dirs);\
touch $(all_files);\
tree
for_loop:
@echo "files=" $(detect_files)
if_cond:
@echo "vari_a=" $(vari_a)
@echo "vari_b=" $(vari_b)
@echo "vari_c=" $(vari_c)
@echo "vari_d=" $(vari_d)
warn:
@echo $(warn_go)
err:
@echo $(err_exit)
shell:
@echo $(shell_cmd)
clean:
@rm -rf $(dirs)
makefile2
#this is a eval func test
PROGRAMS = server client
server_OBJS = server.o server_pri.o server_access.o
server_LIBS = priv protocol
client_OBJS = client.o client_api.o client_mem.o
client_LIBS = protocol
.PHONY:all
define PROGRAM_template
$(1):
touch $$($(1)_OBJS) $$($(1)_LIBS)
@echo [email protected] " build finished!"
endef
$(foreach prog,$(PROGRAMS),$(eval $(call PROGRAM_template,$(prog))))
$(PROGRAMS):
clean:
$(RM) *.o $(server_LIBS) $(client_LIBS)
makefile3
.PHONY:value origin
vari_a = abc
vari_b = $(vari_a)
vari_c = $(vari_a) "+" $(vari_b)
override vari_d = vari_a
vari_e = $($(vari_d))
vari_1 = $(value vari_a)
vari_2 = $(value vari_b)
vari_3 = $(value vari_c)
vari_4 = $(value vari_d)
vari_5 = $(value vari_e)
FOO=$PATH
all:
@echo $(FOO)
@echo $(value FOO)
value:
@echo "vari_1=" '$(vari_1)'
@echo "vari_2=" '$(vari_2)'
@echo "vari_3=" '$(vari_3)'
@echo "vari_4=" '$(vari_4)'
@echo "vari_5=" '$(vari_5)'
origin:
@echo "origin vari_a:" $(origin vari_a)
@echo "origin vari_b:" $(origin vari_b)
@echo "origin vari_c:" $(origin vari_c)
@echo "origin vari_d:" $(origin vari_d)
@echo "origin vari_e:" $(origin vari_e)
@echo 'origin [email protected]:' $(origin @)
@echo "origin vari_f:" $(origin vari_f)
@echo "origin PATH:" $(origin PATH)
@echo "origin MAKE:" $(origin MAKE)
自定義函式
除此之外,我們還可以自定義一些函式。使用下面的格式定義函式:
define DELFILE
$(Q) if exist $1 (del /f /q $1)
endef
其中$1
~$9
表示函式輸入的引數。呼叫自定義函式需要使用make已經定義好的call
函式。如$(call DELFILE, Make.dep)
.
關於技術交流
此處後的文字已經和題目內容無關,可以不看。
qq群:825695030
微信公眾號:嵌入式的日常
如果上面的文章對你有用,歡迎打賞、點贊、評論。