「多項式乘法逆」
阿新 • • 發佈:2020-12-29
多項式乘法逆
前置芝士
基本問題
給定一個 \(n\) 次多項式 \(F(x)\),求 \(G(x)\) 滿足:
\[F(x)\times G(x)\equiv 1(mod\; x^n) \]假設有一個 \(0\) 次多項式 \(F(x)\),易得 \(F(x)\) 為 \(G(x)\) 的逆元, 這給我們提供了一個分治的思路。
假設已有:
\[G'(x)\equiv F(x)(mod\; x^{\left \lceil \frac {n}{2} \right \rceil}) \]- 考慮為什麼要向上取整?
我們分治的思路是得到兩個區間來合併到一個區間,我們要保證合併後的區間長度要大於
則有:
\[G(x)-G'(x)\equiv 0(mod\; x^{\left \lceil \frac {n}{2} \right \rceil}) \]兩邊同時平方:
\[(G(x)-G'(x))^2\equiv 0(mod\; x^n) \]\[G^2(x)-2G(x)G'(x)+G'^2(x)\equiv 0(mod\; x^n) \]兩邊同乘 \(F(x)\):
\[F(x)G^2(x)-2F(x)G(x)G'(x)+F(x)G'^2(x)\equiv 0(mod\; x^n) \]\[\because F(x)G(x)\equiv 1(mod\; x^n) \]\[G(x)-2G'(x)+F(x)G'^2(x)\equiv 0(mod\; x^n) \]最後遞迴求解即可
板子
#include <cstdio> #include <cstring> #include <iostream> #include <algorithm> typedef long long ll; typedef unsigned long long ull; using namespace std; const int maxn = 3e5 + 50, INF = 0x3f3f3f3f, mod = 998244353, inv3 = 332748118; inline int read () { register int x = 0, w = 1; register char ch = getchar (); for (; ch < '0' || ch > '9'; ch = getchar ()) if (ch == '-') w = -1; for (; ch >= '0' && ch <= '9'; ch = getchar ()) x = x * 10 + ch - '0'; return x * w; } inline void write (register int x) { if (x / 10) write (x / 10); putchar (x % 10 + '0'); } int n, f[maxn], g[maxn], rev[maxn], res[maxn], a[maxn], b[maxn]; inline int qpow (register int a, register int b, register int ans = 1) { for (; b; b >>= 1, a = 1ll * a * a % mod) if (b & 1) ans = 1ll * ans * a % mod; return ans; } inline void NTT (register int len, register int * a, register int opt) { for (register int i = 1; i < len; i ++) if (i < rev[i]) swap (a[i], a[rev[i]]); for (register int d = 1; d < len; d <<= 1) { register int w1 = qpow (opt, (mod - 1) / (d << 1)); for (register int i = 0; i < len; i += d << 1) { register int w = 1; for (register int j = 0; j < d; j ++, w = 1ll * w * w1 % mod) { register int x = a[i + j], y = 1ll * w * a[i + j + d] % mod; a[i + j] = (x + y) % mod, a[i + j + d] = (x - y + mod) % mod; } } } } inline void Poly_Inv (register int d, register int * a, register int * b) { if (d == 1) return b[0] = qpow (a[0], mod - 2), void (); // 長度為1,只有常數項 Poly_Inv ((d + 1) >> 1, a, b); // 向下遞迴 register int len = 1, bit = 0; while (len <= d << 1) len <<= 1, bit ++; for (register int i = 0; i < len; i ++) res[i] = 0, rev[i] = (rev[i >> 1] >> 1) | ((i & 1) << bit - 1); for (register int i = 0; i < d; i ++) res[i] = a[i]; NTT (len, res, 3), NTT (len, b, 3); for (register int i = 0; i < len; i ++) b[i] = ((2ll * b[i] % mod - 1ll * res[i] * b[i] % mod * b[i] % mod) % mod + mod) % mod; // 套公式 NTT (len, b, inv3); register int inv = qpow (len, mod - 2); for (register int i = 0; i < d; i ++) b[i] = 1ll * b[i] * inv % mod; for (register int i = d; i < len; i ++) b[i] = 0; // 記得清零,下次NTT要用 } inline void P4238 () { n = read() - 1; for (register int i = 0; i <= n; i ++) f[i] = read(); Poly_Inv (n + 1, f, g); for (register int i = 0; i <= n; i ++) printf ("%d ", g[i]); putchar ('\n'); } int main () { return P4238 (), 0; }