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ROBUST NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING FOR URBAN TRIP PLANNING論文學習

研究內容

  • In this article we present a Natural Language interface for trip planning in complex, multimodal, urban transportation networks.(在這篇文章中,我們提出了一個用於複雜、多模式的城市交通網路中的行程規劃的自然語言介面。
  • Our objective is to provide robust understanding of complex requests while giving the user flexibility in their language.(我們的目標是在為使用者提供語言靈活性的同時,為複雜的請求提供健壯的理解。

技術方案

  • We designed TRANQUYL, a transportation query language for trip planning.(我們設計了出行規劃的交通查詢語言TRANQUYL
    • Our query structure builds on the standard “SELECT , FROM, WHERE” structure of SQL.(我們的查詢結構建立在 SQL 的標準“SELECT、FROM、WHERE”結構之上。
    • We retain the same base syntax and structure but extend it in two important ways.(我們保留了相同的基本語法和結構,但以兩種重要的方式對其進行了擴充套件。
      • to query trips we introduce an operator ALL_TRIPS(為了查詢行程,我們引入了一個運算子 ALL_TRIPS
      • we introduce four new clauses that allow further specification of the parameters of the trip.(我們引入了四個新的子句,允許進一步說明行程的引數
  • We developed a user-centric ontology, which defines the concepts covered by the interface and allows for a broad vocabulary. We utilize the ontology to infer the meaning of personal references and preferences so that they do not need to be explicitly stated for each request.(我們開發了一個以使用者為中心的本體,它定義了介面所涵蓋的概念,並允許使用廣泛的詞彙表。我們利用以使用者為中心的本體來推斷個人引用和偏好的含義,這樣就不需要為每個請求顯式地宣告它們。
  • NL2TRANQUYL, the software system built on these foundations, translates English requests into formal TRANQUYL queries.(NL2TRANQUYL是建立在這些基礎上的軟體系統,它將英語請求轉換成正式的TRANQUYL查詢。

系統架構

The translation from natural language to TRANQUYL occurs in several distinct steps.The four stages correspond to parsing, concept identification, concept attachment, and query generation.(從自然語言到TRANQUYL的轉換需要幾個不同的步驟,這四個階段分別對應解析、概念識別、概念連線和查詢生成。

  • It begins by parsing the input with the Stanford Parser in order to obtain both constituency and dependency parses.(它首先使用Stanford Parser解析輸入,以獲得選區解析和依賴解析。
  • In order to determine which concept in the ontology a specific relevant node n∈N corresponds to, two approaches are taken: (1) comparing nodes to concepts in the ontology (getOntologyConcepts), and (2) identifying specific concepts via regular expressions (getRegExConcepts).(為了確定特定相關節點n∈N對應本體中的哪個概念,採取兩種方法:(1)將節點與本體中的概念進行比較(getOntologyConcepts),以及(2)通過正則表示式識別特定概念(getRegExConcepts )。
  • We use the dependency parse and three sets of strategies, guided by the ontology, to generate a knowledge map. In general, there are three primary tasks in building the map: identifying personal references, aligning modifiers, and determining which data are missing.(我們使用依賴解析和三組策略,在本體的指導下,生成知識圖譜。一般來說,構建地圖有三個主要任務:識別個人引用、調整修飾符和確定丟失了哪些資料。
  • The final step is generating the TRANQUYL query using the knowledge map.(最後一步是使用知識圖生成 TRANQUYL 查詢。

如何做實驗

  • formal evaluation: we present an evaluation of system performance on three sets of requests: well-formatted and grammatical requests as collected from external informants, grammatical paraphrases of the requests, telegraphic or fragmented requests.(我們給出了系統在三組請求上的效能評估:從外部資訊者收集的格式良好和語法規範的請求(集合A),請求的語法釋義(集合B),電報或碎片化請求(集合C)
  • informal evaluation: we solicited requests from laypersons with no experience with our research. This was done by posting a “note” on Facebook and asking random contacts to read the note and respond with requests.(我們向沒有研究經驗的外行人徵求意見。這是通過在Facebook上釋出一個“通知”,並讓隨機聯絡人閱讀該通知並回應請求來實現的。