HashMap、ConcurrentHashMap和HashTable的區別
阿新 • • 發佈：2020-08-24
一：HashMap
HashMap底層實現繼承於Map介面。HashMap不是執行緒安全的。底層實現由1.8之前的 “陣列+連結串列” 改為 “陣列+連結串列+紅黑樹”。一下為jdk
HashMap的屬性：
/**
* 預設的hashMap初始化大小.
*/
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16
/**
* HashMap最大容量2的30次
*/
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
/**
* 負載因子0.75，當hashMap容量超過75%時，HashMap自動擴容
*/
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
/**
* 當表未膨脹時要共享的空表例項.
*/
static final Entry<?,?>[] EMPTY_TABLE = {};
/**
* 陣列表，大小可以改變，且大小必須為2的冪.
*/
transient Entry<K,V>[] table = (Entry<K,V>[]) EMPTY_TABLE;
/**
* hashMap的大小.
*/
transient int size;
/**
* 下一個需要擴容時的大小（容量 * 負載因子）.
* @serial
*/
int threshold;
/**
* 雜湊表的載入因子.
* @serial
*/
final float loadFactor;
/**
*HashMap修改的次數.
*/
transient int modCount;
/**
* 最大擴容閾值.
*/
static final int ALTERNATIVE_HASHING_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT =
Integer.MAX_VALUE;
HashMap擴容：
private static int roundUpToPowerOf2(int number) {
// assert number >= 0 : "number must be non-negative";
// 斷言數量必須大於0
return number >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY
? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY
: (number > 1) ? Integer.highestOneBit((number - 1) << 1) : 1;
}
/**
* 表膨脹.
*/
private void inflateTable(int toSize) {
// Find a power of 2 >= toSize
int capacity = roundUpToPowerOf2(toSize);
threshold = (int) Math.min(capacity * loadFactor, MAXIMUM_CAPACITY + 1);
table = new Entry[capacity];
initHashSeedAsNeeded(capacity);
}
HashMap的put方法
public V put(K key, V value) {
if (table == EMPTY_TABLE) {
inflateTable(threshold);
}
if (key == null)
return putForNullKey(value);
int hash = hash(key);
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
Object k;
//當key已經存在時，新值替換久值，返回舊值
if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
V oldValue = e.value;
e.value = value;
e.recordAccess(this);
return oldValue;
}
}
modCount++;
addEntry(hash, key, value, i);
return null;
}
void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
if ((size >= threshold) && (null != table[bucketIndex])) {
resize(2 * table.length);
hash = (null != key) ? hash(key) : 0;
bucketIndex = indexFor(hash, table.length);
}
createEntry(hash, key, value, bucketIndex);
}
void createEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
Entry<K,V> e = table[bucketIndex];
table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
size++;
}
當HashMap內容發生變化達到擴容值時，呼叫resize方法。將老table中資料賦值到給新的table中
void resize(int newCapacity) {
Entry[] oldTable = table;
int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return;
}
Entry[] newTable = new Entry[newCapacity];
transfer(newTable, initHashSeedAsNeeded(newCapacity));
table = newTable;
threshold = (int)Math.min(newCapacity * loadFactor, MAXIMUM_CAPACITY + 1);
}
/**
* Transfers all entries from current table to newTable.
*/
void transfer(Entry[] newTable, boolean rehash) {
int newCapacity = newTable.length;
for (Entry<K,V> e : table) {
while(null != e) {
Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
if (rehash) {
e.hash = null == e.key ? 0 : hash(e.key);
}
int i = indexFor(e.hash, newCapacity);
e.next = newTable[i];
newTable[i] = e;
e = next;
}
}
}
二：ConcurrentHashMap
ConcurrentHashMap是java併發包下的一個執行緒安全的類。 底層實現繼承於Map介面。Segment 對將HashMap分成16（預設）段。分段加鎖實現（使用非公平鎖）。實現執行緒安全。Segment的建立使用 CAS操作。
ConcurrentHashMap的特殊屬性
/**
* 預設的併發級別，預設分成16段加鎖.
*/
static final int DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL = 16;
/**
* 最小分段容量
*/
static final int MIN_SEGMENT_TABLE_CAPACITY = 2;
/**
* 最大允許的分段數
*/
static final int MAX_SEGMENTS = 1 << 16; // slightly conservative
/**
* 重新嘗試加鎖次數 為2 .
*/
static final int RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK = 2;
有四種構造器 最後都呼叫public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel)
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity,
float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) {
if (!(loadFactor > 0) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (concurrencyLevel > MAX_SEGMENTS)
concurrencyLevel = MAX_SEGMENTS;
// Find power-of-two sizes best matching arguments
int sshift = 0;
int ssize = 1;
while (ssize < concurrencyLevel) {
++sshift;
ssize <<= 1;
}
this.segmentShift = 32 - sshift;
this.segmentMask = ssize - 1;
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
int c = initialCapacity / ssize;
if (c * ssize < initialCapacity)
++c;
int cap = MIN_SEGMENT_TABLE_CAPACITY;
while (cap < c)
cap <<= 1;
// create segments and segments[0]
Segment<K,V> s0 =
new Segment<K,V>(loadFactor, (int)(cap * loadFactor),
(HashEntry<K,V>[])new HashEntry[cap]);
Segment<K,V>[] ss = (Segment<K,V>[])new Segment[ssize];
UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(ss, SBASE, s0); // ordered write of segments[0]
this.segments = ss;
}
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
this(initialCapacity, loadFactor, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
}
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity) {
this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
}
public ConcurrentHashMap() {
this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
}
put方法
public V put(K key, V value) {
Segment<K,V> s;
if (value == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
int hash = hash(key);
int j = (hash >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask;
if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObject // nonvolatile; recheck
(segments, (j << SSHIFT) + SBASE)) == null) // in ensureSegment
s = ensureSegment(j);
return s.put(key, hash, value, false);
}
final V put(K key, int hash, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
HashEntry<K,V> node = tryLock() ? null :
scanAndLockForPut(key, hash, value);
V oldValue;
try {
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
HashEntry<K,V> first = entryAt(tab, index);
for (HashEntry<K,V> e = first;;) {
if (e != null) {
K k;
if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent) {
e.value = value;
++modCount;
}
break;
}
e = e.next;
}
else {
if (node != null)
node.setNext(first);
else
node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, first);
int c = count + 1;
if (c > threshold && tab.length < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
rehash(node);
else
setEntryAt(tab, index, node);
++modCount;
count = c;
oldValue = null;
break;
}
}
} finally {
unlock();
}
return oldValue;
}
remove方法
public V remove(Object key) {
int hash = hash(key);
Segment<K,V> s = segmentForHash(hash);
return s == null ? null : s.remove(key, hash, null);
}
final V remove(Object key, int hash, Object value) {
if (!tryLock())
scanAndLock(key, hash);
V oldValue = null;
try {
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
HashEntry<K,V> e = entryAt(tab, index);
HashEntry<K,V> pred = null;
while (e != null) {
K k;
HashEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
V v = e.value;
if (value == null || value == v || value.equals(v)) {
if (pred == null)
setEntryAt(tab, index, next);
else
pred.setNext(next);
++modCount;
--count;
oldValue = v;
}
break;
}
pred = e;
e = next;
}
} finally {
unlock();
}
return oldValue;
}
get方法
public V get(Object key) {
Segment<K,V> s; // manually integrate access methods to reduce overhead
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab;
int h = hash(key);
long u = (((h >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask) << SSHIFT) + SBASE;
if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(segments, u)) != null &&
(tab = s.table) != null) {
for (HashEntry<K,V> e = (HashEntry<K,V>) UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile
(tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << TSHIFT) + TBASE);
e != null; e = e.next) {
K k;
if ((k = e.key) == key || (e.hash == h && key.equals(k)))
return e.value;
}
}
return null;
}
三：HashTable
HashMap底層實現沒有實現Map介面。