STP（Spanning Tree Protocol），是生成樹協議的縮寫。在實際的網絡環境中，通過物理鏈路備份可以實現鏈路的冗余，從而提高網絡的可靠性。但是，交換網絡會形成一個環路，根據交換機的轉發原理（交換機向除接收端口之外的所有端口轉發廣播幀），會形成廣播風暴，導致網絡癱瘓。而STP協議正是用來解決二層環路的，STP協議通過一些特定的算法，在邏輯上阻塞一些端口，把一個環形的結構改變成一個邏輯上的樹形結構，當正常通信的線路出現故障時，被阻塞的端口會被重新激活，使數據能夠從這條線路上正常傳輸。此協議在Cisco交換機上默認為開啟。

HSRP（Hot Standby Router Protocol

示例：公司內部網絡拓樸圖如下：

架構說明：

1）IP規劃：

vlan 10：172.16.10.0/24 網關：172.16.10.253

vlan 20：172.16.20.0/24 網關：172.16.20.253

vlan 100：172.16.100.0/24 網關：172.16.100.253 （設備管理）

2）通過STP和HSRP實現VLAN間的負載均衡，奇數開始的VLAN以SW1為活躍路由器，以SW2為備份路由器。偶數開始的VLAN以SW2為活躍路由器，以SW1為備份路由器。即：

SW1作為vlan10的活躍路由器，vlan20的備份路由器

SW2作為vlan 20的活躍路由器，vlan10的備份路由器

配置如下：

1）配置基本信息：

ROUTER的配置信息：

ROUTER(config)#hostname ROUTER

ROUTER(config)#int f1/0

ROUTER(config-if)#ip add 172.16.1.5 255.255.255.252

ROUTER(config-if)#no sh

ROUTER(config-if)#int f0/0

ROUTER(config-if)#ip add 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.252

ROUTER(config-if)#no sh

ROUTER(config)#ip route 172.16.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1

ROUTER(config)#ip route 172.16.20.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1

ROUTER(config)#ip route 172.16.100.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1

ROUTER(config)#ip route 172.16.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.6

ROUTER(config)#ip route 172.16.20.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.6

ROUTER(config)#ip route 172.16.100.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.6

ROUTER#wr

SW1的配置信息：

SW1(config)#hostname SW1

SW1(config)#ip routing

SW1(config)#int f1/8

SW1(config-if)#no switchport

SW1(config-if)#ip add 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.252

SW1(config-if)#no sh

SW1(config)#int range f1/5 - 6

SW1(config-if-range)#channel-group 1 mode on

SW1(config)#int range port-channel 1 , f1/0 - 1

SW1(config-if-range)#sw trunk encapsulation dot1q

SW1(config-if-range)#sw mo tr

SW1(config)#vlan 10

SW1(config-vlan)#vlan 20

SW1(config-vlan)#vlan 100

SW1(config)#vtp domain cisco

SW1(config)#vtp password cisco

SW1(config)#vtp mode server

SW1(config)#vtp pruning

SW1(config)#int vlan 100

SW1(config-if)#ip add 172.16.100.253 255.255.255.0

SW1(config-if)#no sh

SW1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.1.2

SW1#wr

SW2的配置信息：

SW2(config)#hostname SW2

SW2(config)#ip routing

SW2(config)#int f1/8

SW2(config-if)#no switchport

SW2(config-if)#ip add 172.16.1.6 255.255.255.252

SW2(config-if)#no sh

SW2(config)#int range f1/5 - 6

SW2(config-if-range)#channel-group 1 mode on

SW2(config)#int range port-channel 1 , f1/1 - 2

SW2(config-if-range)#sw trunk encapsulation dot1q

SW2(config-if-range)#sw mo tr

SW2(config)#vtp domain cisco

SW2(config)#vtp password cisco

SW2(config)#vtp mode client

SW2(config)#int vlan 100

SW2(config-if)#ip add 172.16.100.2 255.255.255.0

SW2(config-if)#no sh

SW2#wr

SW2#sh vlan-swi

VLAN Name Status Ports

---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------

1 default active Fa1/0, Fa1/3, Fa1/4, Fa1/7

Fa1/9, Fa1/10, Fa1/11, Fa1/12

Fa1/13, Fa1/14, Fa1/15

10 VLAN0010 active

20 VLAN0020 active

100 VLAN0100 active

...

SW2(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.1.5

SW2#wr

s3的配置信息：

s3(config)#int range f1/0 - 1

s3(config-if-range)#sw mo tr

s3(config)#vtp domain cisco

s3(config)#vtp password cisco

s3(config)#vtp mode client

s3(config)#int f1/8

s3(config-if)#sw mo ac

s3(config-if)#sw ac vlan 10

s3(config)#int vlan 100

s3(config-if)#ip add 172.16.100.3 255.255.255.0

s3(config-if)#no sh

s3(config)#ip default-gateway 172.16.100.253

s3#wr

s3#sh vlan-swi

VLAN Name Status Ports

---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------

1 default active Fa1/2, Fa1/3, Fa1/4, Fa1/5

Fa1/6, Fa1/7, Fa1/9, Fa1/10

Fa1/11, Fa1/12, Fa1/13, Fa1/14

Fa1/15

10 VLAN0010 active Fa1/8

20 VLAN0020 active

s4的配置信息：

s4(config)#int range f1/1 - 2

s4(config-if-range)#sw mo tr

s4(config)#vtp domain cisco

s4(config)#vtp password cisco

s4(config)#vtp mode client

s4(config)#int f1/11

s4(config-if)#sw mo ac

s4(config-if)#sw ac vl 20

s4(config)#int vlan 100

s4(config-if)#ip add 172.16.100.4 255.255.255.0

s4(config-if)#no sh

s4#wr

s4#sh vlan-swi

VLAN Name Status Ports

---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------

1 default active Fa1/0, Fa1/3, Fa1/4, Fa1/5

Fa1/6, Fa1/7, Fa1/8, Fa1/9

Fa1/10, Fa1/12, Fa1/13, Fa1/14

Fa1/15

10 VLAN0010 active

20 VLAN0020 active Fa1/11

...

s4#sh vtp status

VTP Version : 2

Configuration Revision : 4

Maximum VLANs supported locally : 36

Number of existing VLANs : 8

VTP Operating Mode : Client

VTP Domain Name : cisco

VTP Pruning Mode : Enabled

VTP V2 Mode : Disabled

VTP Traps Generation : Disabled

MD5 digest : 0x03 0xC2 0xA3 0x35 0xCA 0xAA 0x8D 0x32

Configuration last modified by 172.16.1.1 at 3-1-02 01:11:32

2）分別在SW1、SW2上配置DHCP服務（完全一致）：

SW1(config)#ip dhcp pool vlan10

SW1(dhcp-config)#network 172.16.10.0 255.255.255.0

SW1(dhcp-config)#dns-server 202.96.134.133 8.8.8.8

SW1(dhcp-config)#default-router 172.16.10.253

SW1(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 172.16.10.250 172.16.10.254

SW1(config)#ip dhcp pool vlan20

SW1(dhcp-config)#network 172.16.20.0 255.255.255.0

SW1(dhcp-config)#dns-server 202.96.134.133 8.8.8.8

SW1(dhcp-config)#default-router 172.16.20.253

SW1(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 172.16.20.250 172.16.20.254

SW2#wr

SW1#sh run | sec dhcp

no ip dhcp use vrf connected

ip dhcp excluded-address 172.16.10.250 172.16.10.254

ip dhcp excluded-address 172.16.20.250 172.16.20.254

ip dhcp pool vlan10

network 172.16.10.0 255.255.255.0

dns-server 202.96.134.133 8.8.8.8

default-router 172.16.10.253

ip dhcp pool vlan20

network 172.16.20.0 255.255.255.0

dns-server 202.96.134.133 8.8.8.8

default-router 172.16.10.253

3）配置HSRP：

SW1配置：

SW1(config)#int vlan 10

SW1(config-if)#ip add 172.16.10.250 255.255.255.0

SW1(config-if)#no sh

SW1(config-if)#standby 10 ip 172.16.10.253 #配置虛擬IP

SW1(config-if)#standby 10 priority 150 #配置優先級

SW1(config-if)#standby 10 preempt #配置占先權

SW1(config-if)#standby 10 track f1/8 100 #配置端口跟蹤

SW1(config-if)#standby 10 track port-channel 1 100

SW1(config)#int vlan 20

SW1(config-if)#ip add 172.16.20.250 255.255.255.0

SW1(config-if)#no sh

SW1(config-if)#standby 20 ip 172.16.20.253 #作為vlan20的備份路由器，優先級

SW1(config-if)#standby 20 preempt 默認為100，並且不需要配置端口跟蹤

SW1(config-if)#int vlan 100

SW1(config-if)#ip add 172.16.100.253 255.255.255.0

SW1(config-if)#no sh

SW1#wr

SW2的配置：

SW2(config)#int vlan 10

SW2(config-if)#ip add 172.16.10.251 255.255.255.0

SW2(config-if)#no sh

SW2(config-if)#standby 10 ip 172.16.10.253

SW2(config-if)#standby 10 preempt

SW2(config)#int vlan 20

SW2(config-if)#ip add 172.16.20.251 255.255.255.0

SW2(config-if)#no sh

SW2(config-if)#standby 20 ip 172.16.20.253

SW2(config-if)#standby 20 priority 150

SW2(config-if)#standby 20 preempt

SW2(config-if)#standby 20 track f1/8 100

SW2(config-if)#standby 20 track port-channel 1 100

SW2#wr

SW1#sh standby b #在SW1上驗證

P indicates configured to preempt.

|

Interface Grp Pri P State Active Standby Virtual IP

Vl10 10 150 P Active local 172.16.10.251 172.16.10.253

Vl20 20 100 P Standby 172.16.20.251 local 172.16.20.253

Vl100 10 100 Init unknown unknown 172.16.10.254

SW2#sh standby b #在SW2上驗證

P indicates configured to preempt.

|

Interface Grp Pri P State Active Standby Virtual IP

Vl10 10 100 P Standby 172.16.10.250 local 172.16.10.253

Vl20 20 150 P Active local 172.16.20.250 172.16.20.253

4）配置STP，實現VLAN間的負載均衡：

SW1(config)#spanning-tree vlan 10 root primary

SW1(config)#spanning-tree vlan 20 root secondary

SW1#wr

SW2(config)#spanning-tree vlan 20 root primary

SW2(config)#spanning-tree vlan 10 root secondary

SW2#wr

在SW1上查看STP信息，可見SW1是VLAN10的根網橋，是VLAN20的備份根橋。

SW1#sh spanning-tree brief

VLAN10

Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee

Root ID Priority 8192

Address c006.1e3c.0001

This bridge is the root

Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec

Bridge ID Priority 8192

Address c006.1e3c.0001

Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec

Aging Time 300

Interface Designated

Name Port ID Prio Cost Sts Cost Bridge ID Port ID

-------------------- ------- ---- ----- --- ----- -------------------- -------

FastEthernet1/0 128.41 128 19 FWD 0 8192 c006.1e3c.0001 128.41

FastEthernet1/1 128.42 128 19 FWD 0 8192 c006.1e3c.0001 128.42

Port-channel1 129.65 128 12 FWD 0 8192 c006.1e3c.0001 129.65

在s3上查看，可見f1/1的端口被阻塞

s3#sh spanning-tree vlan 10

...

Port 42 (FastEthernet1/1) of VLAN10 is blocking

Port path cost 19, Port priority 128, Port Identifier 128.42.

Designated root has priority 8192, address c006.1e3c.0001

Designated bridge has priority 16384, address c007.1e3c.0001

Designated port id is 128.42, designated path cost 12

Timers: message age 3, forward delay 0, hold 0

Number of transitions to forwarding state: 0

BPDU: sent 2, received 2298

...

5）配置遠程SSH管理：

SW1(config)#ip domain-name cisco

SW1(config)#username best password best1

SW1(config)#crypto key generate rsa general-keys modulus 1024

SW1(config)#ip ssh version 2

SW1(config)#enable secret cisco

SW1(config)#access-list 1 permit 172.16.20.0 0.0.0.255

SW1(config)#line vty 0 4

SW1(config-line)#login local

SW1(config-line)#access-class 1 in

SW1(config-line)#transport input ssh

SW1#wr

在客戶端遠程登陸：

R6#ssh -l best 172.16.100.253

Password:

SW1>en

Password:

SW1#sh ip int b

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol

FastEthernet0/0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

FastEthernet0/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down

FastEthernet1/0 unassigned YES unset up up

本文出自 “一萬年太久，只爭朝夕” 博客，請務必保留此出處http://zengwj1949.blog.51cto.com/10747365/1925601

Cisco之中小企業網絡（STP_HSRP）