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Use Uncertainty As a Driver

Kevlin Henney

ConFRonTEd WiTH TWo opTionS, most people think that the most impor- tant thing to do is to make a choice between them. In design (software or otherwise), it is not. The presence of two options is an indicator that you need to consider uncertainty in the design. Use the uncertainty as a driver to deter- mine where you can defer commitment to details and where you can partition and abstract to reduce the significance of design decisions. If you hardwire the first thing that comes to mind, you’re more likely to be stuck with it, so that incidental decisions become significant and the softness of the software is reduced.
One of the simplest and most constructive definitions of architecture comes from Grady Booch: “All architecture is design but not all design is architecture. Architecture represents the significant design decisions that shape a system, where significant is measured by cost of change.” What follows from this is that an effective architecture is one that generally reduces the significance of design decisions. An ineffective architecture will amplify significance.
When a design decision can reasonably go one of two ways, an architect needs to take a step back. Instead of trying to decide between options A and B, the question becomes “How do I design so that the choice between A and B is less significant?” The most interesting thing is not actually the choice between A and B, but the fact that there is a choice between A and B (and that the appro- priate choice is not necessarily obvious or stable).
???48 97 Things Every Software Architect Should Know
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??An architect may need to go in circles before becoming dizzy and recogniz- ing the dichotomy. Standing at a whiteboard (energetically) debating options with a colleague?

Umming and ahhing in front of some code, deadlocked over whether to try one implementation or another? When a new requirement or a clarification of a requirement has cast doubt on the wisdom of a current implementation, that’s uncertainty. Respond by figuring out what separation or encapsulation would isolate that decision from the code that ultimately depends on it. Without this sensibility the alternative response is often ram- bling code that, like a nervous interviewee, babbles away trying to compensate for uncertainty with a multitude of speculative and general options. Or, where a response is made with arbitrary but unjustified confidence, a wrong turn is taken at speed and without looking back.
There is often pressure to make a decision for the decision’s sake. This is where options thinking can help. Where there is uncertainty over different paths a system’s development might take, make the decision not to make a decision. Defer the actual decision until a decision can be made more responsibly, based on actual knowledge, but not so late that it is not possible to take advantage of that knowledge.
Architecture and process are interwoven, which is a key reason that archi- tects should favor development lifecycles and architectural approaches that are empirical and elicit feedback, using uncertainty constructively to divide up both the system and the schedule.