函數f(x)用采樣間隔Δx=π/5進行采樣，使用向前差商、向後差商和中心差商三種公式來近似一階導數。

書中代碼：

%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%            Output Info about this m-file
fprintf(‘\n****************************************************************\n‘);
fprintf(‘\n   <FDTD 4 ElectroMagnetics with MATLAB Simulations>     \n‘);
fprintf(‘\n                                             Figure 1.2        \n\n‘);

time_stamp = datestr(now, 31);
[wkd1, wkd2] = weekday(today, ‘long‘);
fprintf(‘           Now is %20s, and it is %7s  \n\n‘, time_stamp, wkd2);
%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

% Create exact function and its derivative
N_exact = 301;                             % number of sample points for exact function
x_exact = linspace(0, 6*pi, N_exact);
f_exact = sin(x_exact) .* exp(-0.3*x_exact);
f_derivative_exact = cos(x_exact) .* exp(-0.3*x_exact) - 0.3*sin(x_exact).*exp(-0.3*x_exact);

% plot exact function
figure(‘NumberTitle‘, ‘off‘, ‘Name‘, ‘Figure 1.2.a‘);
set(gcf,‘Color‘,‘white‘); 

plot(x_exact, f_exact, ‘k-‘, ‘linewidth‘, 1.5);
set(gca, ‘fontsize‘, 12, ‘fontweight‘, ‘demi‘);
axis([0 6*pi -1 1]); grid on;
xlabel(‘$x$‘, ‘interpreter‘, ‘latex‘, ‘fontsize‘, 16);
ylabel(‘$f(x)$‘, ‘interpreter‘, ‘latex‘, ‘fontsize‘, 16);
title(‘Exact function‘);


% create exact function for pi/5 sampleing peroid and 
% its finite difference derivatives
N_a = 31;                                     % number of points for pi/5 sampling period 
x_a = linspace(0, 6*pi, N_a);                 % [0, 6pi], row vector with 31 points
f_a = sin(x_a) .* exp(-0.3*x_a);
f_derivative_a = cos(x_a) .* exp(-0.3*x_a) - 0.3*sin(x_a) .* exp(-0.3*x_a);

dx_a = pi/5;
f_derivative_forward_a  = zeros(1, N_a);      % 1×31 zero matrix
f_derivative_backward_a = zeros(1, N_a);
f_derivative_central_a  = zeros(1, N_a);

f_derivative_forward_a(1:N_a-1)  = (f_a(2:N_a)-f_a(1:N_a-1))/dx_a;
f_derivative_backward_a(2:N_a)   = (f_a(2:N_a)-f_a(1:N_a-1))/dx_a;
f_derivative_central_a(2:N_a-1)  = (f_a(3:N_a)-f_a(1:N_a-2))/(2*dx_a);



% create exact function for pi/10 sampleing peroid and 
% its finite difference derivatives
N_b = 61;                                % number of points for pi/10 sampling period 
x_b = linspace(0, 6*pi, N_b);
f_b = sin(x_b) .* exp(-0.3*x_b);
f_derivative_b = cos(x_b) .* exp(-0.3*x_b) - 0.3*sin(x_b) .* exp(-0.3*x_b);

dx_b = pi/10;
f_derivative_forward_b  = zeros(1, N_b);
f_derivative_backward_b = zeros(1, N_b);
f_derivative_central_b  = zeros(1, N_b);
f_derivative_forward_b(1:N_b-1)  = (f_b(2:N_b)-f_b(1:N_b-1))/dx_b;
f_derivative_backward_b(2:N_b)   = (f_b(2:N_b)-f_b(1:N_b-1))/dx_b;
f_derivative_central_b(2:N_b-1)  = (f_b(3:N_b)-f_b(1:N_b-2))/(2*dx_b);


% plot exact derivative of the function and its finite difference 
% derivatives using pi/5 sampling period
figure(‘NumberTitle‘, ‘off‘, ‘Name‘, ‘Figure 1.2.b‘);
set(gcf,‘Color‘,‘white‘); 

plot(x_exact, f_derivative_exact, ‘k‘, ...
	x_a(1:N_a-1), f_derivative_forward_a(1:N_a-1), ‘b--‘, ...
	x_a(2:N_a), f_derivative_backward_a(2:N_a), ‘r-.‘, ...
	x_a(2:N_a-1), f_derivative_central_a(2:N_a-1), ‘:ms‘, ...
	‘markersize‘, 4, ‘linewidth‘, 1.5);
set(gca, ‘fontsize‘, 12, ‘fontweight‘, ‘demi‘);
axis([0 6*pi -1 1]); grid on;
legend(‘exact‘, ‘forward difference‘, ‘backward difference‘, ‘central difference‘);
xlabel(‘$x$‘, ‘interpreter‘, ‘latex‘, ‘fontsize‘, 16);
ylabel(‘$f‘‘(x)$‘, ‘interpreter‘, ‘latex‘, ‘fontsize‘, 16);
text(pi, 0.6, ‘$\Delta x = \pi/5$‘, ‘interpreter‘, ‘latex‘, ‘fontsize‘, 16, ‘backgroundcolor‘, ...
	‘w‘, ‘edgecolor‘, ‘k‘);

% plot error for finite difference derivatives
% using pi/5 sampling period
error_forward_a  = f_derivative_a - f_derivative_forward_a;
error_backward_a = f_derivative_a - f_derivative_backward_a;
error_central_a  = f_derivative_a - f_derivative_central_a;

figure(‘NumberTitle‘, ‘off‘, ‘Name‘, ‘Figure 1.2.c‘);
set(gcf,‘Color‘,‘white‘); 
plot(x_a(1:N_a-1), error_forward_a(1:N_a-1), ‘b--‘, ...
	x_a(2:N_a), error_backward_a(2:N_a), ‘r--‘, ...
	x_a(2:N_a-1), error_central_a(2:N_a-1), ‘:ms‘, ...
	‘markersize‘, 4, ‘linewidth‘, 1.5);
set(gca, ‘fontsize‘, 12, ‘fontweight‘, ‘demi‘);
axis([0 6*pi -0.2 0.2]); grid on;
legend(‘forward difference‘, ‘backward difference‘, ‘central difference‘);
xlabel(‘$x$‘, ‘interpreter‘, ‘latex‘, ‘fontsize‘, 16);
ylabel(‘error $[f‘‘(x)]$‘ , ‘interpreter‘, ‘latex‘, ‘fontsize‘, 16);
text(pi, 0.15, ‘$\Delta x = \pi/5$‘, ‘interpreter‘, ‘latex‘, ‘fontsize‘, 16, ...
	‘backgroundcolor‘, ‘w‘, ‘edgecolor‘, ‘k‘);

% plot error for finite difference derivatives
% using pi/10 sampling period
error_forward_b  = f_derivative_b - f_derivative_forward_b;
error_backward_b = f_derivative_b - f_derivative_backward_b;
error_central_b  = f_derivative_b - f_derivative_central_b;

figure(‘NumberTitle‘, ‘off‘, ‘Name‘, ‘Figure 1.2.d‘);
set(gcf,‘Color‘,‘white‘); 
plot(x_b(1:N_b-1), error_forward_b(1:N_b-1), ‘b--‘, ...
	x_b(2:N_b), error_backward_b(2:N_b), ‘r-.‘, ...
	x_b(2:N_b-1), error_central_b(2:N_b-1), ‘:ms‘, ...
	‘markersize‘, 4, ‘linewidth‘, 1.5);
set(gca, ‘fontsize‘, 12, ‘fontweight‘, ‘demi‘);
axis([0 6*pi -0.2 0.2]); grid on;
legend(‘forward difference‘, ‘backward difference‘, ‘central difference‘);
xlabel(‘$x$‘, ‘interpreter‘, ‘latex‘, ‘fontsize‘, 16);
ylabel(‘error $[f‘‘(x)]$‘ , ‘interpreter‘, ‘latex‘, ‘fontsize‘, 16);
text(pi, 0.15, ‘$\Delta x = \pi/10$‘ , ‘interpreter‘, ...
	‘latex‘, ‘fontsize‘, 16, ‘backgroundcolor‘, ‘w‘, ‘edgecolor‘, ‘k‘ );

　　運行結果：

上圖是函數圖形，看出振幅是指數衰減的。下圖是一階導數的精確值（公式計算）和三種差商近似結果。中心差商近似結果接近

精確值。

下圖是在Δx=π/5采樣間隔下，三種差商近似與精確值之間的誤差對比。可以看出中心差商近似的誤差最小。

下圖是Δx=π/10采樣間隔下，三種差商近似與精確值之間的誤差對比。可以看出中心差商近似的誤差最小。另外由於向前差商和

向後差商近似是1階精度，中心差商近似是2階精度，所以采樣間隔由π/5變成π/10後，向前差商和向後差商近似誤差變為原來的二分之一，

而中心差商近似誤差變為原來的四分之一。

《FDTD electromagnetic field using MATLAB》讀書筆記 Figure 1.2