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form組件相關 -新 -轉

fields rgs ipaddr self widget required disable pri 正則

Mr.Seven 隨筆-126 文章-137 評論-268

Django之Form組件

Django的Form主要具有一下幾大功能:

  • 生成HTML標簽
  • 驗證用戶數據(顯示錯誤信息)
  • HTML Form提交保留上次提交數據
  • 初始化頁面顯示內容

小試牛刀

1、創建Form類

        from django.forms import Form
        from django.forms import widgets
        from django.forms import fields
        
        class MyForm(Form):
            user = fields.CharField(
                widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={‘id‘: ‘i1‘, ‘class‘: ‘c1‘})
            )

            gender = fields.ChoiceField(
                choices=((1, ‘男‘), (2, ‘女‘),),
                initial=2,
                widget=widgets.RadioSelect
            )

            city = fields.CharField(
                initial=2,
                widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,‘上海‘),(2,‘北京‘),))
            )

            pwd = fields.CharField(
                widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={‘class‘: ‘c1‘}, render_value=True)
            )

2、View函數處理

from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from .forms import MyForm


def index(request):
    if request.method == "GET":
        obj = MyForm()
        return render(request, ‘index.html‘, {‘form‘: obj})
    elif request.method == "POST":
        obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
        if obj.is_valid():
            values = obj.clean()
            print(values)
        else:
            errors = obj.errors
            print(errors)
        return render(request, ‘index.html‘, {‘form‘: obj})
    else:
        return redirect(‘http://www.google.com‘)

3、生成HTML

    <form action="/" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
        <p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p>
        <p>{{ form.gender }} {{ form.gender.errors }}</p>
        <p>{{ form.city }} {{ form.city.errors }}</p>
        <p>{{ form.pwd }} {{ form.pwd.errors }}</p>
        <input type="submit"/>
    </form>
技術分享
    <form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
        {% csrf_token %}
        
            {{ form.xxoo.label }}
            {{ form.xxoo.id_for_label }}
            {{ form.xxoo.label_tag }}
            {{ form.xxoo.errors }}
            <p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p>
            <input type="submit" />
    </form>
其他標簽有

Form類

創建Form類時,主要涉及到 【字段】 和 【插件】,字段用於對用戶請求數據的驗證,插件用於自動生成HTML;

1、Django內置字段如下:

        Field
            required=True,               是否允許為空
            widget=None,                 HTML插件
            label=None,                  用於生成Label標簽或顯示內容
            initial=None,                初始值
            help_text=‘‘,                幫助信息(在標簽旁邊顯示)
            error_messages=None,         錯誤信息 {‘required‘: ‘不能為空‘, ‘invalid‘: ‘格式錯誤‘}
            show_hidden_initial=False,   是否在當前插件後面再加一個隱藏的且具有默認值的插件(可用於檢驗兩次輸入是否一直)
            validators=[],               自定義驗證規則
            localize=False,              是否支持本地化
            disabled=False,              是否可以編輯
            label_suffix=None            Label內容後綴


        CharField(Field)
            max_length=None,             最大長度
            min_length=None,             最小長度
            strip=True                   是否移除用戶輸入空白

        IntegerField(Field)
            max_value=None,              最大值
            min_value=None,              最小值
        
        FloatField(IntegerField)
            ...

        DecimalField(IntegerField)
            max_value=None,              最大值
            min_value=None,              最小值
            max_digits=None,             總長度
            decimal_places=None,         小數位長度

        BaseTemporalField(Field)
            input_formats=None          時間格式化    

        DateField(BaseTemporalField)    格式:2015-09-01
        TimeField(BaseTemporalField)    格式:11:12
        DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式:2015-09-01 11:12
        
        DurationField(Field)            時間間隔:%d %H:%M:%S.%f
            ...

        RegexField(CharField)
            regex,                      自定制正則表達式
            max_length=None,            最大長度
            min_length=None,            最小長度
            error_message=None,         忽略,錯誤信息使用 error_messages={‘invalid‘: ‘...‘}

        EmailField(CharField)       
            ...

        FileField(Field)
            allow_empty_file=False     是否允許空文件

        ImageField(FileField)       
            ...
            註:需要PIL模塊,pip3 install Pillow
            以上兩個字典使用時,需要註意兩點:
                - form表單中 enctype="multipart/form-data"
                - view函數中 obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)

        URLField(Field)
            ...


        BooleanField(Field)   
            ...

        NullBooleanField(BooleanField)
            ...

        ChoiceField(Field)
            ...
            choices=(),                選項,如:choices = ((0,‘上海‘),(1,‘北京‘),)
            required=True,             是否必填
            widget=None,               插件,默認select插件
            label=None,                Label內容
            initial=None,              初始值
            help_text=‘‘,              幫助提示

        
        ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField)
            ...                        django.forms.models.ModelChoiceField
            queryset,                  # 查詢數據庫中的數據
            empty_label="---------",   # 默認空顯示內容
            to_field_name=None,        # HTML中value的值對應的字段
            limit_choices_to=None      # ModelForm中對queryset二次篩選
            
        ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField)
            ...                        django.forms.models.ModelMultipleChoiceField


            
        TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField)
            coerce = lambda val: val   對選中的值進行一次轉換
            empty_value= ‘‘            空值的默認值

        MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField)
            ...

        TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField)
            coerce = lambda val: val   對選中的每一個值進行一次轉換
            empty_value= ‘‘            空值的默認值
        
        ComboField(Field)
            fields=()                  使用多個驗證,如下:即驗證最大長度20,又驗證郵箱格式
                                       fields.ComboField(fields=[fields.CharField(max_length=20), fields.EmailField(),])
        
        MultiValueField(Field)
            PS: 抽象類,子類中可以實現聚合多個字典去匹配一個值,要配合MultiWidget使用

        SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField) 
            input_date_formats=None,   格式列表:[‘%Y--%m--%d‘, ‘%m%d/%Y‘, ‘%m/%d/%y‘]
            input_time_formats=None    格式列表:[‘%H:%M:%S‘, ‘%H:%M:%S.%f‘, ‘%H:%M‘]

        FilePathField(ChoiceField)     文件選項,目錄下文件顯示在頁面中
            path,                      文件夾路徑
            match=None,                正則匹配
            recursive=False,           遞歸下面的文件夾
            allow_files=True,          允許文件
            allow_folders=False,       允許文件夾
            required=True, 
            widget=None, 
            label=None,
            initial=None, 
            help_text=‘‘
        
        GenericIPAddressField
            protocol=‘both‘,           both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式
            unpack_ipv4=False          解析ipv4地址,如果是::ffff:192.0.2.1時候,可解析為192.0.2.1, PS:protocol必須為both才能啟用

        SlugField(CharField)           數字,字母,下劃線,減號(連字符)
            ...

        UUIDField(CharField)           uuid類型
            ...
        
        

註:UUID是根據MAC以及當前時間等創建的不重復的隨機字符串

技術分享
   >>> import uuid

    # make a UUID based on the host ID and current time
    >>> uuid.uuid1()    # doctest: +SKIP
    UUID(a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e)

    # make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
    >>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, python.org)
    UUID(6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e)

    # make a random UUID
    >>> uuid.uuid4()    # doctest: +SKIP
    UUID(16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da)

    # make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
    >>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, python.org)
    UUID(886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d)

    # make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored)
    >>> x = uuid.UUID({00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f})

    # convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form
    >>> str(x)
    00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f

    # get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID
    >>> x.bytes
    b\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f

    # make a UUID from a 16-byte string
    >>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes)
    UUID(00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f)
View Code

2、Django內置插件:

TextInput(Input)
NumberInput(TextInput)
EmailInput(TextInput)
URLInput(TextInput)
PasswordInput(TextInput)
HiddenInput(TextInput)
Textarea(Widget)
DateInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
DateTimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
TimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
CheckboxInput
Select
NullBooleanSelect
SelectMultiple
RadioSelect
CheckboxSelectMultiple
FileInput
ClearableFileInput
MultipleHiddenInput
SplitDateTimeWidget
SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget
SelectDateWidget

常用選擇插件

    # 單radio,值為字符串
    # user = fields.CharField(
    #     initial=2,
    #     widget=widgets.RadioSelect(choices=((1,‘上海‘),(2,‘北京‘),))
    # )

    # 單radio,值為字符串
    # user = fields.ChoiceField(
    #     choices=((1, ‘上海‘), (2, ‘北京‘),),
    #     initial=2,
    #     widget=widgets.RadioSelect
    # )

    # 單select,值為字符串
    # user = fields.CharField(
    #     initial=2,
    #     widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,‘上海‘),(2,‘北京‘),))
    # )

    # 單select,值為字符串
    # user = fields.ChoiceField(
    #     choices=((1, ‘上海‘), (2, ‘北京‘),),
    #     initial=2,
    #     widget=widgets.Select
    # )

    # 多選select,值為列表
    # user = fields.MultipleChoiceField(
    #     choices=((1,‘上海‘),(2,‘北京‘),),
    #     initial=[1,],
    #     widget=widgets.SelectMultiple
    # )


    # 單checkbox
    # user = fields.CharField(
    #     widget=widgets.CheckboxInput()
    # )


    # 多選checkbox,值為列表
    # user = fields.MultipleChoiceField(
    #     initial=[2, ],
    #     choices=((1, ‘上海‘), (2, ‘北京‘),),
    #     widget=widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple
    # )

在使用選擇標簽時,需要註意choices的選項可以從數據庫中獲取,但是由於是靜態字段 ***獲取的值無法實時更新***,那麽需要自定義構造方法從而達到此目的。

方式一:

from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator

class MyForm(Form):

    user = fields.ChoiceField(
        # choices=((1, ‘上海‘), (2, ‘北京‘),),
        initial=2,
        widget=widgets.Select
    )

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(MyForm,self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        # self.fields[‘user‘].widget.choices = ((1, ‘上海‘), (2, ‘北京‘),)
        # 或
        self.fields[‘user‘].widget.choices = models.Classes.objects.all().value_list(‘id‘,‘caption‘)

方式二:

使用django提供的ModelChoiceField和ModelMultipleChoiceField字段來實現

    from django import forms
    from django.forms import fields
    from django.forms import widgets
    from django.forms import models as form_model
    from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
    from django.core.validators import RegexValidator

    class FInfo(forms.Form):
        authors = form_model.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all())
        # authors = form_model.ModelChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all())

自定義驗證規則

方式一:

from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator

class MyForm(Form):
    user = fields.CharField(
        validators=[RegexValidator(r‘^[0-9]+$‘, ‘請輸入數字‘), RegexValidator(r‘^159[0-9]+$‘, ‘數字必須以159開頭‘)],
    )

方式二:

import re
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError


# 自定義驗證規則
def mobile_validate(value):
    mobile_re = re.compile(r‘^(13[0-9]|15[012356789]|17[678]|18[0-9]|14[57])[0-9]{8}$‘)
    if not mobile_re.match(value):
        raise ValidationError(‘手機號碼格式錯誤‘)


class PublishForm(Form):


    title = fields.CharField(max_length=20,
                            min_length=5,
                            error_messages={‘required‘: ‘標題不能為空‘,
                                            ‘min_length‘: ‘標題最少為5個字符‘,
                                            ‘max_length‘: ‘標題最多為20個字符‘},
                            widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={‘class‘: "form-control",
                                                          ‘placeholder‘: ‘標題5-20個字符‘}))


    # 使用自定義驗證規則
    phone = fields.CharField(validators=[mobile_validate, ],
                            error_messages={‘required‘: ‘手機不能為空‘},
                            widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={‘class‘: "form-control",
                                                          ‘placeholder‘: u‘手機號碼‘}))

    email = fields.EmailField(required=False,
                            error_messages={‘required‘: u‘郵箱不能為空‘,‘invalid‘: u‘郵箱格式錯誤‘},
                            widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={‘class‘: "form-control", ‘placeholder‘: u‘郵箱‘}))

方法三:自定義方法

from django import forms
    from django.forms import fields
    from django.forms import widgets
    from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
    from django.core.validators import RegexValidator

    class FInfo(forms.Form):
        username = fields.CharField(max_length=5,
                                    validators=[RegexValidator(r‘^[0-9]+$‘, ‘Enter a valid extension.‘, ‘invalid‘)], )
        email = fields.EmailField()

        def clean_username(self):
            """
            Form中字段中定義的格式匹配完之後,執行此方法進行驗證
            :return:
            """
            value = self.cleaned_data[‘username‘]
            if "666" in value:
                raise ValidationError(‘666已經被玩爛了...‘, ‘invalid‘)
            return value

方式四:同時生成多個標簽進行驗證

from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields

from django.core.validators import RegexValidator


############## 自定義字段 ##############
class PhoneField(fields.MultiValueField):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # Define one message for all fields.
        error_messages = {
            ‘incomplete‘: ‘Enter a country calling code and a phone number.‘,
        }
        # Or define a different message for each field.
        f = (
            fields.CharField(
                error_messages={‘incomplete‘: ‘Enter a country calling code.‘},
                validators=[
                    RegexValidator(r‘^[0-9]+$‘, ‘Enter a valid country calling code.‘),
                ],
            ),
            fields.CharField(
                error_messages={‘incomplete‘: ‘Enter a phone number.‘},
                validators=[RegexValidator(r‘^[0-9]+$‘, ‘Enter a valid phone number.‘)],
            ),
            fields.CharField(
                validators=[RegexValidator(r‘^[0-9]+$‘, ‘Enter a valid extension.‘)],
                required=False,
            ),
        )
        super(PhoneField, self).__init__(error_messages=error_messages, fields=f, require_all_fields=False, *args,
                                         **kwargs)

    def compress(self, data_list):
        """
        當用戶驗證都通過後,該值返回給用戶
        :param data_list:
        :return:
        """
        return data_list

############## 自定義插件 ##############
class SplitPhoneWidget(widgets.MultiWidget):
    def __init__(self):
        ws = (
            widgets.TextInput(),
            widgets.TextInput(),
            widgets.TextInput(),
        )
        super(SplitPhoneWidget, self).__init__(ws)

    def decompress(self, value):
        """
        處理初始值,當初始值initial不是列表時,調用該方法
        :param value:
        :return:
        """
        if value:
            return value.split(‘,‘)
        return [None, None, None]

初始化數據

在Web應用程序中開發編寫功能時,時常用到獲取數據庫中的數據並將值初始化在HTML中的標簽上。

1、Form

from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator


class MyForm(Form):
    user = fields.CharField()

    city = fields.ChoiceField(
        choices=((1, ‘上海‘), (2, ‘北京‘),),
        widget=widgets.Select
    )

2、Views

from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from .forms import MyForm


def index(request):
    if request.method == "GET":
        values = {‘user‘: ‘root‘, ‘city‘: 2}
        obj = MyForm(values)

        return render(request, ‘index.html‘, {‘form‘: obj})
    elif request.method == "POST":
        return redirect(‘http://www.google.com‘)
    else:
        return redirect(‘http://www.google.com‘)

3、HTML

    <form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
        {% csrf_token %}
        <p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p>
        <p>{{ form.city }} {{ form.city.errors }}</p>

        <input type="submit"/>
    </form>

form組件相關 -新 -轉