Django一些鮮為人知的操作
阿新 • • 發佈:2018-10-11
... 批量 相關 ram esql 一對多 ali 一對一 plus
目錄:
- Django ORM執行原生SQL
- QuerySet方法大全
一、Django ORM執行原生SQL
# extra # 在QuerySet的基礎上繼續執行子語句 # extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None) # select和select_params是一組,where和params是一組,tables用來設置from哪個表 # Entry.objects.extra(select={‘new_id‘: "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))# Entry.objects.extra(where=[‘headline=%s‘], params=[‘Lennon‘]) # Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo=‘a‘ OR bar = ‘a‘", "baz = ‘a‘"]) # Entry.objects.extra(select={‘new_id‘: "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=[‘-nid‘]) 舉個例子: models.UserInfo.objects.extra( select={‘newid‘:‘select count(1) from app01_usertype where id>%s‘}, select_params=[1,], where = [‘age>%s‘], params=[18,], order_by=[‘-age‘], tables=[‘app01_usertype‘] ) """select app01_userinfo.id, (select count(1) from app01_usertype where id>1) as newid from app01_userinfo,app01_usertype where app01_userinfo.age > 18 order by app01_userinfo.age desc """ # 執行原生SQL # 更高靈活度的方式執行原生SQL語句 # from django.db import connection, connections # cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections[‘default‘].cursor() # cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1]) # row = cursor.fetchone()
二、QuerySet方法大全
################################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET # ################################################################## def all(self) # 獲取所有的數據對象 def filter(self, *args, **kwargs) # 條件查詢 # 條件可以是:參數,字典,Q def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs) # 條件查詢 # 條件可以是:參數,字典,Q def select_related(self, *fields) 性能相關:表之間進行join連表操作,一次性獲取關聯的數據。 總結: 1. select_related主要針一對一和多對一關系進行優化。 2. select_related使用SQL的JOIN語句進行優化,通過減少SQL查詢的次數來進行優化、提高性能。 def prefetch_related(self, *lookups) 性能相關:多表連表操作時速度會慢,使用其執行多次SQL查詢在Python代碼中實現連表操作。 總結: 1. 對於多對多字段(ManyToManyField)和一對多字段,可以使用prefetch_related()來進行優化。 2. prefetch_related()的優化方式是分別查詢每個表,然後用Python處理他們之間的關系。 def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs) # 用於實現聚合group by查詢 from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum v = models.UserInfo.objects.values(‘u_id‘).annotate(uid=Count(‘u_id‘)) # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id v = models.UserInfo.objects.values(‘u_id‘).annotate(uid=Count(‘u_id‘)).filter(uid__gt=1) # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1 v = models.UserInfo.objects.values(‘u_id‘).annotate(uid=Count(‘u_id‘,distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1) # SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1 def distinct(self, *field_names) # 用於distinct去重 models.UserInfo.objects.values(‘nid‘).distinct() # select distinct nid from userinfo 註:只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct進行去重 def order_by(self, *field_names) # 用於排序 models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by(‘-id‘,‘age‘) def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None) # 構造額外的查詢條件或者映射,如:子查詢 Entry.objects.extra(select={‘new_id‘: "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,)) Entry.objects.extra(where=[‘headline=%s‘], params=[‘Lennon‘]) Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo=‘a‘ OR bar = ‘a‘", "baz = ‘a‘"]) Entry.objects.extra(select={‘new_id‘: "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=[‘-nid‘]) def reverse(self): # 倒序 models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by(‘-nid‘).reverse() # 註:如果存在order_by,reverse則是倒序,如果多個排序則一一倒序 def defer(self, *fields): models.UserInfo.objects.defer(‘username‘,‘id‘) 或 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer(‘username‘,‘id‘) #映射中排除某列數據 def only(self, *fields): #僅取某個表中的數據 models.UserInfo.objects.only(‘username‘,‘id‘) 或 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only(‘username‘,‘id‘) def using(self, alias): 指定使用的數據庫,參數為別名(setting中的設置) ################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS # ################################################## def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None): # 執行原生SQL models.UserInfo.objects.raw(‘select * from userinfo‘) # 如果SQL是其他表時,必須將名字設置為當前UserInfo對象的主鍵列名 models.UserInfo.objects.raw(‘select id as nid from 其他表‘) # 為原生SQL設置參數 models.UserInfo.objects.raw(‘select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s‘, params=[12,]) # 將獲取的到列名轉換為指定列名 name_map = {‘first‘: ‘first_name‘, ‘last‘: ‘last_name‘, ‘bd‘: ‘birth_date‘, ‘pk‘: ‘id‘} Person.objects.raw(‘SELECT * FROM some_other_table‘, translations=name_map) # 指定數據庫 models.UserInfo.objects.raw(‘select * from userinfo‘, using="default") ################### 原生SQL ################### from django.db import connection, connections cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections[‘default‘].cursor() cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1]) row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..) def values(self, *fields): # 獲取每行數據為字典格式 def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs): # 獲取每行數據為元祖 def dates(self, field_name, kind, order=‘ASC‘): # 根據時間進行某一部分進行去重查找並截取指定內容 # kind只能是:"year"(年), "month"(年-月), "day"(年-月-日) # order只能是:"ASC" "DESC" # 並獲取轉換後的時間 - year : 年-01-01 - month: 年-月-01 - day : 年-月-日 models.DatePlus.objects.dates(‘ctime‘,‘day‘,‘DESC‘) def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order=‘ASC‘, tzinfo=None): # 根據時間進行某一部分進行去重查找並截取指定內容,將時間轉換為指定時區時間 # kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second" # order只能是:"ASC" "DESC" # tzinfo時區對象 models.DDD.objects.datetimes(‘ctime‘,‘hour‘,tzinfo=pytz.UTC) models.DDD.objects.datetimes(‘ctime‘,‘hour‘,tzinfo=pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai‘)) """ pip3 install pytz import pytz pytz.all_timezones pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’) """ def none(self): # 空QuerySet對象 #################################### # METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES # #################################### def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs): # 聚合函數,獲取字典類型聚合結果 from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count(‘u_id‘, distinct=True), n=Count(‘nid‘)) ===> {‘k‘: 3, ‘n‘: 4} def count(self): # 獲取個數 def get(self, *args, **kwargs): # 獲取單個對象 def create(self, **kwargs): # 創建對象 def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None): # 批量插入 # batch_size表示一次插入的個數 objs = [ models.DDD(name=‘r11‘), models.DDD(name=‘r22‘) ] models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10) def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs): # 如果存在,則獲取,否則,創建 # defaults 指定創建時,其他字段的值 obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username=‘root1‘, defaults={‘email‘: ‘1111111‘,‘u_id‘: 2, ‘t_id‘: 2}) def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs): # 如果存在,則更新,否則,創建 # defaults 指定創建時或更新時的其他字段 obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username=‘root1‘, defaults={‘email‘: ‘1111111‘,‘u_id‘: 2, ‘t_id‘: 1}) def first(self): # 獲取第一個 def last(self): # 獲取最後一個 def in_bulk(self, id_list=None): # 根據主鍵ID進行查找 id_list = [11,21,31] models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list) def delete(self): # 刪除 def update(self, **kwargs): # 更新 def exists(self): # 是否有結果
Django一些鮮為人知的操作