linux或mac控制檯下輸入ps -ef | grep 關鍵字可以檢視是否有相應的程序啟動資訊中包含關鍵字。如：

ps的意思是process status，即程序狀態。在控制檯執行man ps命令可以檢視ps命令後面的命令選項的含義如下：

     The options are as follows:

     -A      Display information about other users' processes, including those without controlling ter-
             minals.

     -a      Display information about other users'
 
 processes as well as your own.  This will skip any
             processes which do not have a controlling terminal, unless the -x option is also specified.

     -C      Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a ``raw'' CPU calculation that
             ignores ``resident'' time (this normally has no effect)
 
.

     -c      Change the ``command'' column output to just contain the executable name, rather than the
             full command line.

     -d      Like -A, but excludes session leaders.

     -E      Display the environment as well.  This does not reflect changes in the environment after
             process launch.

     -e      Identical to -A.

     -f      Display the uid, pid, parent pid, recent CPU usage, process start time, controlling tty,
             elapsed CPU usage, and the associated command.  If the -u option is also used, display the
             user name rather then
 
 the numeric uid.  When -o or -O is used to add to the display follow-
             ing -f, the command field is not truncated as severely as it is in other formats.
     
     -G      Display information about processes which are running with the specified real group IDs.

     -g      Display information about processes with the specified process group leaders.

     -h      Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one header per page of
             information.

     -j      Print information associated with the following keywords: user, pid, ppid, pgid, sess,
             jobc, state, tt, time, and command.

     -L      List the set of keywords available for the -O and -o options.

     -l      Display information associated with the following keywords: uid, pid, ppid, flags, cpu,
             pri, nice, vsz=SZ, rss, wchan, state=S, paddr=ADDR, tty, time, and command=CMD.

     -M      Print the threads corresponding to each task.

     -m      Sort by memory usage, instead of the combination of controlling terminal and process ID.

     -O      Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list of keywords speci-
             fied, after the process ID, in the default information display.  Keywords may be appended
             with an equals (`=') sign and a string.  This causes the printed header to use the speci-
             fied string instead of the standard header.
     
     -o      Display information associated with the space or comma separated list of keywords speci-
             fied.  Multiple keywords may also be given in the form of more than one -o option.  Key-
             words may be appended with an equals (`=') sign and a string.  This causes the printed
             header to use the specified string instead of the standard header.  If all keywords have
             empty header texts, no header line is written.

     -p      Display information about processes which match the specified process IDs.

     -r      Sort by current CPU usage, instead of the combination of controlling terminal and process
             ID.

     -S      Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited children to their par-
             ent process.

     -T      Display information about processes attached to the device associated with the standard
             input.

     -t      Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal devices.

     -U      Display the processes belonging to the specified real user IDs.

     -u      Display the processes belonging to the specified usernames.

     -v      Display information associated with the following keywords: pid, state, time, sl, re,
             pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz, %cpu, %mem, and command.  The -v option implies the -m option.

     -w      Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which is your window size.
             If the -w option is specified more than once, ps will use as many columns as necessary
             without regard for your window size.  When output is not to a terminal, an unlimited number
             of columns are always used.
     
     -X      When displaying processes matched by other options, skip any processes which do not have a
             controlling terminal.

     -x      When displaying processes matched by other options, include processes which do not have a
             controlling terminal.  This is the opposite of the -X option.  If both -X and -x are speci-
             fied in the same command, then ps will use the one which was specified last.

可見
-e和-A的意思是一樣的，即顯示有關其他使用者程序的資訊，包括那些沒有控制終端的程序。
-f顯示使用者id，程序id，父程序id，最近CPU使用情況，程序開始時間等等。