linux---磁碟管理
阿新 • • 發佈：2018-11-05
1).本地儲存裝置的識別
df -h ---> 檢視系統正在掛載的裝置
fdisk -l ---> 檢視系統中真實存在的裝置
cat /proc/partitions ---> 檢視系統識別的裝置
blkid ---> 檢視系統可以使用的裝置
mount ---> 檢視系統中的掛載資訊
2).裝置的掛載和解除安裝
- 裝置名稱
/dev/xdx ---> /dev/hd0 /dev/hd1 /dev/sda /dev/sr0 ---> 光碟機 /dev/mapper/* ---> 虛擬裝置(用軟體模擬出來的)
- 裝置的掛載
mount 裝置 掛載點
mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt ---> 掛載sdb1到mnt
umount /mnt|/dev/sd1 ---> 解除安裝
mount -o,ro /dev/sdb1 /mnt ---> 只讀掛載
mount ---> 檢視掛載資訊
mount -o,remount rw /dev/sdb1|/mnt ---> 重新讀寫掛載
- 解決裝置正忙問題
[[email protected] mnt]# umount /mnt ---> 解除安裝裝置；失敗 umount: /mnt: target is busy. (In some cases useful info about processes that use the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
解決方法1：
[[email protected] mnt]# lsof /mnt ---> 檢視使用裝置的程序 lsof: WARNING: can't stat() fuse.gvfsd-fuse file system /run/user/1000/gvfs Output information may be incomplete. COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME bash 2650 root cwd DIR 8,17 16384 1 /mnt lsof 3933 root cwd DIR 8,17 16384 1 /mnt kill -9 2650 ---> 殺死使用裝置的程序 umount /mnt ---> 解除安裝裝置
解決方法2：
fuser -vm /mnt ---> 檢視使用裝置的程序
fuser -kvm /mnt ---> 檢視並結束使用裝置的程序
[[email protected] ~]# fuser -vm /mnt/
USER PID ACCESS COMMAND
/mnt: root kernel mount /mnt
kiosk 3699 ..c.. bash
root 4136 ..c.. bash
3).磁碟分割槽
fdisk -l ---> 檢視磁碟分割槽
fdisk /dev/vdb ---> 編輯磁碟分割槽
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb ---> 編輯/dev/vdb磁碟分割槽
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x669d0c95.
Command (m for help): m ---> 檢視分割槽幫助
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition ---> 刪除
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition ---> 新建
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table ---> 顯示分割槽資訊
q quit without saving changes ---> 退出
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id ---> 修改分割槽id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit ---> 儲存
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): n ---> 新建磁碟分割槽
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) ---> 主分割槽
e extended ---> 擴充套件分割槽
Select (default p): p ---> 選擇主分割槽
Partition number (1-4, default 1): ---> 主分割槽id用預設
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): ---> 分割槽起始
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +500M ---> 分割槽大小
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 500 MiB is set
#############
Command (m for help): p ---> 顯示分割槽資訊
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x669d0c95
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
<<<當系統已經有三個主分割槽時>>>
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended
Select (default e): ---> 當有3個主分割槽時需要先劃分擴充套件分割槽
Using default response e
Selected partition 4
First sector (3074048-20971519, default 3074048):
Using default value 3074048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (3074048-20971519, default 20971519): ---> 預設把所有剩餘空間都給擴充套件分割槽
Using default value 20971519
Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 8.5 GiB is set
ommand (m for help): p ---> 檢視/dev/vdb的磁碟分割槽
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x669d0c95
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 1026048 2050047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 2050048 3074047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 3074048 20971519 8948736 5 Extended
Command (m for help): wq ---> 儲存磁碟分割槽並退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
4).掛載檔案系統，格式化
[[email protected] ~]# mkfs. ---> 雙擊tab健，檢視掛載檔案系統
mkfs.btrfs mkfs.ext3 mkfs.minix mkfs.xfs
mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext4 mkfs.msdos
mkfs.ext2 mkfs.fat mkfs.vfat
[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 ---> 格式化/dev/vdb1
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/fstab ---> 編輯配置檔案；開機自動掛載
掛載磁碟 掛載地址 掛載檔案系統 預設 不備份；不檢測
/dev/vdb1 /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
[[email protected] ~]# mount -a ---> 檢查所有配置檔案
5).swap分割槽管理
- 分割槽標籤的改變
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-6, default 6): 6
Hex code (type L to list all codes): L
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
- swap分割槽建立
劃分分割槽並設定分割槽標籤為82
mkswap /dev/vdb6 ----> 將準備好的分割槽用作交換區
swapon -a /dev/vdb6 ----> 開啟/dev/vdb6的swap分割槽
[[email protected] ~]# swapon -s ----> 檢視swap分割槽
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/vdb6 partition 8434684 0 -1
- 分割槽的自動掛載
vim /etc/fstab ----> 編輯配置檔案，開機自動啟動
/dev/vdb6 swap swap defaults 0 0
- swap分割槽的刪除
vim /etc/fstab ----> 刪除配置檔案關於swap的編輯
swapoff /dev/vdb6 ----> 停用該特定交換區的狀態
swapon -s ----> 顯示當前交換區的狀態
6).給使用者配置使用額度
[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb5 ----> 格式化/dev/vdb5
[[email protected] ~]#mkdir /kai ----> 建立一個目錄
[[email protected] ~]#mount -o usrquota /dev/vdb5 /kai
[[email protected] ~]#edpuota -u student ----> 編輯檔案
Disk quotas for user student (uid 1000):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/vdb5 20480 0 20480 1 0 0
[[email protected] ~]#vim /etc/fstab ----> 編輯檔案
/dev/vdb5 /kai xfs defaults,usrquota 0 0
測試：
[[email protected] home]# su - student
[[email protected] ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/kai/studentfile bs=1M count=30
dd: error writing ‘/kai/studentfile’: Disk quota exceeded
21+0 records in
20+0 records out
20971520 bytes (21 MB) copied, 0.0183663 s, 1.1 GB/s
[[email protected] ~]$ du -sh /kai/studentfile
20M /kai/studentfile
7).磁碟加密
[[email protected] home]# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb3
WARNING!
========
This will overwrite data on /dev/vdb3 irrevocably.
Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES
Enter passphrase:
Verify passphrase:
[[email protected] home]# ll /dev/vdb3
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 253, 19 Oct 28 16:32 /dev/vdb3
[[email protected] home]# mount /dev/vdb3 /mnt
mount: unknown filesystem type 'crypto_LUKS'
[[email protected] home]# cryptsetup open /dev/vdb3 kai
Enter passphrase for /dev/vdb3:
[[email protected] home]# ll /dev/mapper/kai
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Oct 28 16:34 /dev/mapper/kai -> ../dm-0
[[email protected] home]# mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/kai
[[email protected] home]# mount /dev/mapper/kai /mnt
[[email protected] home]# df
[[email protected] home]# touch /mnt/file{1..10}
[[email protected] home]# ll /mnt/
[[email protected] home]# umount /mnt
[[email protected] home]# df
[[email protected] home]# cryptsetup close kai ---> 注意：關閉之後，/dev/mapper/kai檔案消失，掛載原始裝置也不能檢視其中內容
[[email protected] home]# cryptsetup open /dev/vdb3 xin
Enter passphrase for /dev/vdb3:
[[email protected] home]# mount /dev/mapper/xin /mnt