2014.11.22 差分約束學習筆記
同機房的fye,rivendile大神早就學了很久很久差分約束。。。本蒟蒻卻頹了兩晚noip2014。。。(orz fye神SD rank 8!!!)於是我覺得不能等了,於是。。。於是。。。
寫了一天差分約束啊!!!11道題啊,手都疼了、、、
言歸正傳,先給出差分約束的定義
如果一個系統由n個變數和m個約束條件組成,其中每個約束條件形如xj-xi<=bk(i,j∈[1,n],k∈[1,m]),則稱其為差分約束系統(system of difference constraints)。亦即,差分約束系統是求解關於一組變數的特殊不等式組的方法。求解差分約束系統,可以轉化成圖論的單源最短路徑(或最長路徑)問題。 (摘自百度百科)
其實蠻好懂的。舉個例子,若給出a-b<=k1,b-c<=k2;a-c<=k3;那麼a-c的最大值是多少,很明顯是把三元組轉化為求c->a的最短路。反之亦反.
那麼,我們可以將給出xj-xi<=k1(1<=i,j<=n),求xn-x1的最大值,轉化為求xn-x1的最短路
可以將給出xj-xi>=k1(1<=i,j<=n),求xn-x1的最小值,轉化為求xn-x1的最長路.
特別地,當給出 xj-xi<k1可以轉成xj-xi<=ki-1,將xj-xi>k1可以轉成xj-xi>=k1+1,在類似地求出最長(短)路 。
最長(短)路可以用spfa求出,但貌似也可用bellman-ford。。。開始做題!!
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- codevs 1768 種樹2&&3 裸的差分約束系統,但有隱藏條件0<=s[i]-s[i-1]<=a[i]或1 然後將<=a[i]轉為>=-a[i] code:
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
int point[500001],next[2000001];
struct hp{
int v,w;
}e[2000001];
int queue[500001],n,m,head,tail,dis[500001],a[500001];
bool exist[500001];
int main()
{
int j,c,num,i,x,y,w,now;
scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
for (i=1;i<=n;++i)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
for (i=1;i<=m;++i)
{
scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&w);
next[i]=point[x-1]; point[x-1]=i;
e[i].v=y; e[i].w=w;
}
num=m;
for (i=0;i<=n-1;++i)
{
num++; next[num]=point[i]; point[i]=num; e[num].v=i+1; e[num].w=0;
num++; next[num]=point[i+1]; point[i+1]=num; e[num].v=i; e[num].w=-a[i+1];
}
memset(dis,128,sizeof(dis));
memset(exist,false,sizeof(exist));
memset(queue,0,sizeof(queue)); head=0;tail=1; queue[tail]=0; exist[0]=true; dis[0]=0;
while (head!=tail)
{
head=head%30000+1; now=queue[head]; exist[now]=false;
j=point[now];
while (j!=0)
{
c=e[j].v;
if (dis[c]<dis[now]+e[j].w)
{
dis[c]=dis[now]+e[j].w;
if (!exist[c])
{
tail=tail%30000+1;
queue[tail]=c;
exist[c]=true;
}
}
j=next[j];
}
}
cout<<dis[n]<<endl;
}
一道裸的poj差分約束 3159 Candies,題意不再贅述,code:
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
struct hp{
int v,w;
}a[150001];
int point[30001],n,m,next[150001],s[30001];
long long dis[30001];
bool exist[30001];
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int x,y,z,c,i,top,j,now;
scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
for (i=1;i<=m;++i)
{
scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&z);
next[i]=point[x]; point[x]=i;
a[i].v=y; a[i].w=z;
}
memset(exist,false,sizeof(exist));
memset(dis,127,sizeof(dis));
memset(s,0,sizeof(s)); top=1; s[1]=1; exist[1]=true; dis[1]=0;
while (top>0)
{
now=s[top]; top--; j=point[now]; exist[now]=false;
while (j!=0)
{
c=a[j].v;
if (dis[c]>dis[now]+a[j].w)
{
dis[c]=dis[now]+a[j].w;
if (!exist[c])
{
top++;
s[top]=c;
exist[c]=true;
}
}
j=next[j];
}
}
printf("%lld\n",dis[n]);
}
兩道類似於種樹2、3的poj1716&&1201 intervals&&integer intervals 注意隱含條件與轉化(0<=s[i]-s[i-1]<=1)code(intervals):
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
int point[500001],next[2000001];
struct hp{
int v,w;
}e[2000001];
int queue[500001],n,m,head,tail,dis[500001],a[500001];
bool exist[500001];
int main()
{
int j,c,num,i,x,y,w,now,maxn,minn;
scanf("%d",&m); minn=2100000000; maxn=0;
for (i=1;i<=m;++i)
{
scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&w);
maxn=max(maxn,y);
minn=min(minn,x);
next[i]=point[x-1]; point[x-1]=i;
e[i].v=y; e[i].w=w;
}
num=m;
for (i=minn-1;i<=maxn-1;++i)
{
num++; next[num]=point[i]; point[i]=num; e[num].v=i+1; e[num].w=0;
num++; next[num]=point[i+1]; point[i+1]=num; e[num].v=i; e[num].w=-1;
}
memset(dis,128,sizeof(dis));
memset(exist,false,sizeof(exist));
memset(queue,0,sizeof(queue)); head=0;tail=1; queue[tail]=minn-1; exist[minn-1]=true; dis[minn-1]=0;
while (head!=tail)
{
head=head%30000+1; now=queue[head]; exist[now]=false;
j=point[now];
while (j!=0)
{
c=e[j].v;
if (dis[c]<dis[now]+e[j].w)
{
dis[c]=dis[now]+e[j].w;
if (!exist[c])
{
tail=tail%30000+1;
queue[tail]=c;
exist[c]=true;
}
}
j=next[j];
}
}
cout<<dis[maxn]<<endl;
}
poj 3169 Layout 其實很水,只不過出現了判斷環,儲存一個點進隊次數 當其>n時,出現了正(負)環,注意隱含條件 code:
#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
#include<cstdio>
using namespace std;
struct hp{
int v,w;
}a[100000];
int queue[1001],num[1001],dis[1001],head,tail;
int point[1001],next[100001],maxn;
bool exist[1001];
int main()
{
bool ff=false;
int numx,n,mi,mj,i,j,now,c,x,y,z;
freopen("layout.in","r",stdin);
freopen("layout.out","w",stdout);
scanf("%d%d%d",&n,&mi,&mj);
numx=0;
for (i=1;i<=mi;++i)
{
numx++;
scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&z);
next[numx]=point[x]; point[x]=numx;
a[numx].v=y; a[numx].w=z;
}
for (i=1;i<=mj;++i)
{
numx++;
scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&z);
next[numx]=point[y]; point[y]=numx;
a[numx].v=x; a[numx].w=-z;
}
for (i=2;i<=n;++i)
{
numx++;
next[numx]=point[i]; point[i]=numx;
a[numx].v=i-1; a[numx].w=0;
}
memset(queue,0,sizeof(queue)); memset(exist,false,sizeof(exist));
memset(dis,127,sizeof(dis)); maxn=dis[0]; memset(num,0,sizeof(num));
head=0;tail=1; queue[tail]=1; exist[1]=true; num[1]++; dis[1]=0;
while (head!=tail)
{
head=head%1000+1; now=queue[head]; exist[now]=false;
j=point[now];
while (j!=0)
{
c=a[j].v;
if (dis[c]>dis[now]+a[j].w)
{
dis[c]=dis[now]+a[j].w;
if (!exist[c])
{
tail=tail%1000+1;
queue[tail]=c;
num[c]++; exist[c]=true;
if (num[c]>n)
ff=true;
}
}
if (ff) break;
j=next[j];
}
}
if (ff) cout<<-1<<endl;
else
{
if (dis[n]>=maxn) cout<<-2<<endl;
else cout<<dis[n]<<endl;
}
fclose(stdin); fclose(stdout);
}
poj 1364 king,很水的一道差分約束,類似字首和的處理,但有可能出現圖不連通的情況,所以要作連通塊次數遍spfa,如果出現環,則輸出successful conspiracy,正常返回輸出lamentable kingdom code:
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
struct hp{
int v,w;
}a[10001];
int queue[10001],head,tail,num[10001],dis[10001];
int point[10001],next[100001],n,m;
bool exist[10001],f[10001];
int main()
{
char kind[2]; bool ff;
int i,j,c,now,x,t,k;
scanf("%d",&n);
while (n!=0)
{
memset(a,0,sizeof(a)); memset(point,0,sizeof(point)); memset(next,0,sizeof(next));
scanf("%d",&m);
for (i=1;i<=m;++i)
{
cin>>x>>t>>kind>>k;
if (kind[0]=='g')
{
next[i]=point[x-1];
point[x-1]=i;
a[i].v=x+t; a[i].w=k+1;
}
if (kind[0]=='l')
{
next[i]=point[x+t];
point[x+t]=i;
a[i].v=x-1; a[i].w=1-k;
}
}
memset(f,false,sizeof(f)); ff=false;
for (i=1;i<=n;++i)
if (!f[i])
{
memset(queue,0,sizeof(queue)); memset(num,0,sizeof(num));
memset(dis,128,sizeof(dis)); memset(exist,false,sizeof(exist));
head=0; tail=1; dis[i]=0; queue[tail]=i; num[i]++; exist[i]=true; f[i]=true;
while (head!=tail)
{
head=head%10000+1; now=queue[head]; exist[now]=false;
j=point[now];
while (j!=0)
{
c=a[j].v;
if (dis[c]<dis[now]+a[j].w)
{
dis[c]=dis[now]+a[j].w;
f[c]=true;
if (!exist[c])
{
exist[c]=true; num[c]++;
tail=tail%10000+1; queue[tail]=c;
if (num[c]>n)
{
ff=true;
break;
}
}
}
if (ff) break;
j=next[j];
}
if (ff) break;
}
if (ff) break;
}
if (ff) printf("successful conspiracy\n");
else printf("lamentable kingdom\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
}
}
poj 2983 Is the Information Reliable
一道比較有難度的差分約束,首先,由於題目給出一種情況的是確切的距離,我們可以轉化為k<=s[i]-s[j]<=k,進一步變號為{s[j]-s[i]>=-k,s[i]-s[j]>=k},另外一種只說明瞭某一點與另外一點有位置關係,對此可以轉化為s[i]-s[j]>=0,最後跑一遍最長路即可 code:
#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
#include<cstdio>
using namespace std;
struct hp{
int v,w;
}a[200001];
int queue[1001],head,tail,num[1001],dis[1001];
int point[1001],next[200001],n,m;
bool exist[1001],f[1001];
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int i,c,numx,now,j,ai,b; bool ff; char kind;
while (scanf("%d%d",&n,&m)==2)
{
numx=0; memset(point,0,sizeof(point)); memset(next,0,sizeof(next)); memset(a,0,sizeof(a));
for (i=1;i<=m;++i)
{
cin>>kind;
if (kind=='P')
{
scanf("%d%d%d",&ai,&b,&c);
numx++; next[numx]=point[b]; point[b]=numx; a[numx].v=ai; a[numx].w=c;
numx++; next[numx]=point[ai]; point[ai]=numx; a[numx].v=b; a[numx].w=-c;
}
if (kind=='V')
{
scanf("%d%d",&ai,&b);
numx++; next[numx]=point[b]; point[b]=numx; a[numx].v=ai; a[numx].w=1;
}
}
memset(f,false,sizeof(f)); ff=false;
for (i=1;i<=n;++i)
if (f[i]==false)
{
memset(num,0,sizeof(num)); memset(queue,0,sizeof(queue));
memset(exist,false,sizeof(exist)); memset(dis,128,sizeof(dis));
head=0; tail=1; dis[i]=0; exist[i]=true; queue[tail]=i; num[i]++; f[i]=true;
while (head!=tail)
{
head=head%1000+1; now=queue[head]; exist[now]=false;
j=point[now];
while (j!=0)
{
c=a[j].v;
if (dis[c]<dis[now]+a[j].w)
{
dis[c]=dis[now]+a[j].w;
f[c]=true;
if (!exist[c])
{
exist[c]=true;
tail=tail%1000+1;
queue[tail]=c;
num[c]++;
if (num[c]>n)
{
ff=true; break;
}
}
}
if (ff) break;
j=next[j];
}
if (ff) break;
}
if (ff) break;
}
if (ff) printf("Unreliable\n");
else printf("Reliable\n");
}
}
COGS 月考統計 一道比較水的題,但題目要求求出最小值,卻給出了s[i]-s[j]<=k的條件,因此需轉化為s[j]-s[i]>=-k,另外圖也可能不連通,可以加設超級源點0,使其與所有點連通,作為最底成績0,跑一遍最長路即可。 code:
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
struct hp{
int v,w;
}a[50001];
int queue[10000],head,tail,dis[10000];
int point[10000],next[50001],n,m,num[10000];
bool exist[10000];
int main()
{
int i,x,y,z,j,c,now; bool ff=false;
freopen("ExamStat.in","r",stdin); freopen("ExamStat.out","w",stdout);
scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
for (i=1;i<=m;++i)
{
scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&z);
next[i]=point[x]; point[x]=i;
a[i].v=y; a[i].w=-z;
}
for (i=1;i<=n;++i)
{
next[m+i]=point[0]; point[0]=m+i;
a[m+i].v=i; a[m+i].w=0;
}
memset(num,0,sizeof(num)); memset(dis,128,sizeof(dis));
memset(queue,0,sizeof(queue)); memset(exist,false,sizeof(exist));
head=0; tail=1; queue[tail]=0; num[0]++; dis[0]=0; exist[0]=true;
while (head!=tail)
{
head=head%10000+1; now=queue[head]; exist[now]=false;
j=point[now];
while (j!=0)
{
c=a[j].v;
if (dis[c]<dis[now]+a[j].w)
{
dis[c]=dis[now]+a[j].w;
if (!exist[c])
{
num[c]++; exist[c]=true;
tail=tail%10000+1;
queue[tail]=c;
if (num[c]>n)
{
ff=true;
break;
}
}
}
j=next[j];
if (ff) break;
}
if (ff) break;
}
if (ff) printf("SOMEONE LAY!");
else
{
for (i=1;i<=n;++i)
printf("%d ",dis[i]);
printf("\n");
}
fclose(stdin); fclose(stdout);
}
以下兩題需先迴圈起點,根據長度推出終點
COGS 01串題目較之前發生了變化,給出兩個不相干的條件,a0<=s[i][0]-s[j][0]<=b0,a1<=s[i][1]-s[j][1]<=b1,但仔細觀察可知,區間長度一定,可以將其全部轉化為0的情況i-j+1-b1<=s[i][0]-s[j][0]<=i-j+1-a1,再就是隱含條件0<=s[i][0]-s[j][0]<=1,再都轉化為<=,跑一遍最短路,輸出每個點的1-(dis[i]-dis[i-1](零的個數))。。。code:
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
struct hp{
int v,w;
}a[10000];
int queue[1001],head,tail,num[1001],dis[1001];
int point[1001],next[10001],n,a0,b0,l0,a1,b1,l1;
bool exist[1001];
int main()
{
int i,nx=0,now,c,j; bool ff=false;
freopen("sequence.in","r",stdin); freopen("sequence.out","w",stdout);
scanf("%d%d%d%d%d%d%d",&n,&a0,&b0,&l0,&a1,&b1,&l1);
for (i=1;i<=n;++i)
{
nx++; next[nx]=point[i-1]; point[i-1]=nx; a[nx].v=i; a[nx].w=1;
nx++; next[nx]=point[i]; point[i]=nx; a[nx].v=i-1; a[nx].w=0;
}
for (i=1;i<=n-l0+1;++i)
{
nx++; next[nx]=point[i-1]; point[i-1]=nx; a[nx].v=i+l0-1; a[nx].w=b0;
nx++; next[nx]=point[i+l0-1]; point[i+l0-1]=nx; a[nx].v=i-1; a[nx].w=-a0;
}
for (i=1;i<=n-l1+1;++i)
{
nx++; next[nx]=point[i-1]; point[i-1]=nx; a[nx].v=i+l1-1; a[nx].w=l1-a1;
nx++; next[nx]=point[i+l1-1]; point[i+l1-1]=nx; a[nx].v=i-1; a[nx].w=b1-l1;
}
memset(queue,0,sizeof(queue)); memset(dis,127,sizeof(dis));
memset(exist,false,sizeof(exist)); memset(num,0,sizeof(num)); ff=false;
head=0; tail=1; queue[tail]=0; dis[0]=0; exist[0]=true; num[0]++;
while (head!=tail)
{
head=head%1000+1; now=queue[head]; exist[now]=false;
j=point[now];
while (j!=0)
{
c=a[j].v;
if (dis[c]>dis[now]+a[j].w)
{
dis[c]=dis[now]+a[j].w;
if (!exist[c])
{
exist[c]=true; tail=tail%1000+1;
queue[tail]=c; num[c]++;
if (num[c]>n)
{
ff=true;
break;
}
}
}
j=next[j];
if (ff) break;
}
if (ff) break;
}
if (ff) printf("-1\n");
else
{
for (i=1;i<=n;++i)
{
if (dis[i]-dis[i-1]==1)
printf("0");
else
printf("1");
}
printf("\n");
}
fclose(stdin); fclose(stdout);
}
COGS 數列問題
基本同上一題,但給出的是s[i]-s[j]>0或s[i]-s[j]<0,所以轉化為s[j]-s[i]<=-1或s[i]-s[j]<=-1,此題依舊可能不連通,連通塊遍spfa。。。輸出dis[i]-dis[i-1];
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
struct hp{
int v,w;
}a[2000];
int queue[101],head,tail,dis[101],num[101];
int point[101],next[2000],n,p,q;
bool exist[101],f[101];
int main()
{
int i,nx=0,now,j,c; bool ff=false;
freopen("topoa.in","r",stdin); freopen("topoa.out","w",stdout);
scanf("%d%d%d",&n,&p,&q);
for (i=1;i<=n-p+1;++i)
{nx++; next[nx]=point[i+p-1]; point[i+p-1]=nx; a[nx].v=i-1; a[nx].w=-1;}
for (i=1;i<=n-q+1;++i)
{nx++; next[nx]=point[i-1]; point[i-1]=nx; a[nx].v=i+q-1; a[nx].w=-1;}
memset(f,0,sizeof(f));
for (i=0;i<=n;++i)
if (!f[i])
{
{
memset(queue,0,sizeof(queue)); memset(num,0,sizeof(num));
memset(exist,false,sizeof(exist));
head=0; tail=1; queue[tail]=i; if (i!=0)dis[i]=dis[i-1]; else dis[i]=0; num[i]++; exist[i]=true; f[i]=true;
while (head!=tail)
{
head=head%100+1; now=queue[head]; exist[now]=false;
j=point[now];
while (j!=0)
{
c=a[j].v;
if (dis[c]>dis[now]+a[j].w)
{
dis[c]=dis[now]+a[j].w;
f[c]=true;
if (!exist[c])
{
exist[c]=true; num[c]++; tail=tail%100+1;
queue[tail]=c;
if (num[c]>n)
{
ff=true; break;
}
}
}
j=next[j];
if (ff) break;
}
if (ff) break;
}
if (ff) break;
}
if (ff) printf("no\n");
else
{
for (i=1;i<=n;++i)
printf("%d ",dis[i]-dis[i-1]);
printf("\n");
}
fclose(stdin); fclose(stdout);
}
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2014.11.22&&23