現在專案中有使用到音視訊相關技術，在參考了網上各種大牛的資料及根據自己專案實際情況（相容安卓6.0以上版本動態許可權管理等），
  把聲音錄製及播放相關程式碼做個記錄。

public class MediaRecorderActivity extends BaseActivity {
    private Button start_tv;
    private ListView listView;
    //執行緒操作
    private ExecutorService mExecutorService;
    //錄音API
    private MediaRecorder mMediaRecorder;
    //錄音開始時間與結束時間
 

    private long startTime, endTime;
    //錄音所儲存的檔案
    private File mAudioFile;
    //檔案列表資料
    private List<FileBean> dataList;
    //錄音檔案資料列表介面卡
    private AudioAdapter mAudioAdapter;
    //錄音檔案儲存位置
    private String mFilePath = Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory().getAbsolutePath() + "/audio/"
 
;
    //當前是否正在播放
    private volatile boolean isPlaying;
    //播放音訊檔案API
    private MediaPlayer mediaPlayer;
    //使用Handler更新UI執行緒
    private Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            super.handleMessage(msg);
            switch (msg.what) {
                case
 
 Constant.RECORD_SUCCESS:
                    //錄音成功，展示資料
                    if (null == mAudioAdapter) {
                        mAudioAdapter = new AudioAdapter(MediaRecorderActivity.this, dataList, R.layout.file_item_layout);
                    }
                    listView.setAdapter(mAudioAdapter);
                    break;
                //錄音失敗
                case Constant.RECORD_FAIL:
                    showToastMsg(getString(R.string.record_fail));
                    break;
                //錄音時間太短
                case Constant.RECORD_TOO_SHORT:
                    showToastMsg(getString(R.string.time_too_short));
                    break;
                case Constant.PLAY_COMPLETION:
                    showToastMsg(getString(R.string.play_over));
                    break;
                case Constant.PLAY_ERROR:
                    showToastMsg(getString(R.string.play_error));
                    break;

            }
        }
    };

    @Override
    protected void setWindowView() {
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_record);
        //錄音及播放要使用單執行緒操作
        mExecutorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
        dataList = new ArrayList<>();
    }

    @Override
    protected void initViews() {
        this.start_tv = (Button) findViewById(R.id.start_tv);
        this.listView = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.listview);
    }

    @Override
    protected void initEvents() {
        //類似微信等應用按住說話進行錄音，所以用OnTouch事件
        this.start_tv.setOnTouchListener(new View.OnTouchListener() {
            @Override
            public boolean onTouch(View view, MotionEvent motionEvent) {
                switch (motionEvent.getAction()) {
                    //按下操作
                    case MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN:
                        //安卓6.0以上錄音相應許可權處理
                        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > 22) {
                            permissionForM();
                        } else {
                            startRecord();
                        }
                        break;
                    //鬆開操作
                    case MotionEvent.ACTION_CANCEL:
                    case MotionEvent.ACTION_UP:
                        stopRecord();
                        break;
                }
                //對OnTouch事件做了處理，返回true
                return true;
            }
        });
        //點選播放對應的錄音檔案
        this.listView.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> adapterView, View view, int i, long l) {
                //使用MediaPlayer播放聲音檔案
                startPlay(dataList.get(i).getFile());
            }
        });
    }


    /**
     * @description 開始進行錄音
     * @author ldm
     * @time 2017/2/9 9:18
     */
    private void startRecord() {
        start_tv.setText(R.string.stop_by_up);
        start_tv.setBackgroundResource(R.drawable.bg_gray_round);
        //非同步任務執行錄音操作
        mExecutorService.submit(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                //播放前釋放資源
                releaseRecorder();
                //執行錄音操作
                recordOperation();
            }
        });
    }

    /**
     * @description 錄音失敗處理
     * @author ldm
     * @time 2017/2/9 9:35
     */
    private void recordFail() {
        mAudioFile = null;
        mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(Constant.RECORD_FAIL);
    }

    /**
     * @description 錄音操作
     * @author ldm
     * @time 2017/2/9 9:34
     */
    private void recordOperation() {
        //建立MediaRecorder物件
        mMediaRecorder = new MediaRecorder();
        //建立錄音檔案,.m4a為MPEG-4音訊標準的檔案的副檔名
        mAudioFile = new File(mFilePath + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".m4a");
        //建立父資料夾
        mAudioFile.getParentFile().mkdirs();
        try {
            //建立檔案
            mAudioFile.createNewFile();
            //配置mMediaRecorder相應引數
            //從麥克風採集聲音資料
            mMediaRecorder.setAudioSource(MediaRecorder.AudioSource.MIC);
            //設定儲存檔案格式為MP4
            mMediaRecorder.setOutputFormat(MediaRecorder.OutputFormat.MPEG_4);
            //設定取樣頻率,44100是所有安卓裝置都支援的頻率,頻率越高，音質越好，當然檔案越大
            mMediaRecorder.setAudioSamplingRate(44100);
            //設定聲音資料編碼格式,音訊通用格式是AAC
            mMediaRecorder.setAudioEncoder(MediaRecorder.AudioEncoder.AAC);
            //設定編碼頻率
            mMediaRecorder.setAudioEncodingBitRate(96000);
            //設定錄音儲存的檔案
            mMediaRecorder.setOutputFile(mAudioFile.getAbsolutePath());
            //開始錄音
            mMediaRecorder.prepare();
            mMediaRecorder.start();
            //記錄開始錄音時間
            startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            recordFail();
        }
    }


    /**
     * @description 結束錄音操作
     * @author ldm
     * @time 2017/2/9 9:18
     */
    private void stopRecord() {
        start_tv.setText(R.string.speak_by_press);
        start_tv.setBackgroundResource(R.drawable.bg_white_round);
        //停止錄音
        mMediaRecorder.stop();
        //記錄停止時間
        endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        //錄音時間處理，比如只有大於2秒的錄音才算成功
        int time = (int) ((endTime - startTime) / 1000);
        if (time >= 3) {
            //錄音成功,新增資料
            FileBean bean = new FileBean();
            bean.setFile(mAudioFile);
            bean.setFileLength(time);
            dataList.add(bean);
            //錄音成功,發Message
            mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(Constant.RECORD_SUCCESS);
        } else {
            mAudioFile = null;
            mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(Constant.RECORD_TOO_SHORT);
        }
        //錄音完成釋放資源
        releaseRecorder();
    }

    /**
     * @description 翻放錄音相關資源
     * @author ldm
     * @time 2017/2/9 9:33
     */
    private void releaseRecorder() {
        if (null != mMediaRecorder) {
            mMediaRecorder.release();
            mMediaRecorder = null;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onClick(View view) {

    }

    @Override
    protected void onDestroy() {
        super.onDestroy();
        //頁面銷燬，執行緒要關閉
        mExecutorService.shutdownNow();
    }
    /*******6.0以上版本手機許可權處理***************************/
    /**
     * @description 相容手機6.0許可權管理
     * @author ldm
     * @time 2016/5/24 14:59
     */
    private void permissionForM() {
        if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this,
                Manifest.permission.RECORD_AUDIO) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED || ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this,
                Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {

            ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this,
                    new String[]{Manifest.permission.RECORD_AUDIO, Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE},
                    Constant.PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_FOR_AUDIO);
        } else {
            startRecord();
        }

    }

    @Override
    public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode,
                                           @NonNull String[] permissions, @NonNull int[] grantResults) {

        if (requestCode == Constant.PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_FOR_AUDIO) {
            if (grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
                startRecord();
            }
            return;
        }
        super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
    }

    /**
     * @description 播放音訊
     * @author ldm
     * @time 2017/2/9 16:54
     */
    private void playAudio(final File mFile) {
        if (null != mFile && !isPlaying) {
            isPlaying = true;
            mExecutorService.submit(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    startPlay(mFile);
                }
            });
        }
    }

    /**
     * @description 開始播放音訊檔案
     * @author ldm
     * @time 2017/2/9 16:56
     */
    private void startPlay(File mFile) {
        try {
            //初始化播放器
            mediaPlayer = new MediaPlayer();
            //設定播放音訊資料檔案
            mediaPlayer.setDataSource(mFile.getAbsolutePath());
            //設定播放監聽事件
            mediaPlayer.setOnCompletionListener(new MediaPlayer.OnCompletionListener() {
                @Override
                public void onCompletion(MediaPlayer mediaPlayer) {
                    //播放完成
                    playEndOrFail(true);
                }
            });
            //播放發生錯誤監聽事件
            mediaPlayer.setOnErrorListener(new MediaPlayer.OnErrorListener() {
                @Override
                public boolean onError(MediaPlayer mediaPlayer, int i, int i1) {
                    playEndOrFail(false);
                    return true;
                }
            });
            //播放器音量配置
            mediaPlayer.setVolume(1, 1);
            //是否迴圈播放
            mediaPlayer.setLooping(false);
            //準備及播放
            mediaPlayer.prepare();
            mediaPlayer.start();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            //播放失敗正理
            playEndOrFail(false);
        }

    }

    /**
     * @description 停止播放或播放失敗處理
     * @author ldm
     * @time 2017/2/9 16:58
     */
    private void playEndOrFail(boolean isEnd) {
        isPlaying = false;
        if (isEnd) {
            mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(Constant.PLAY_COMPLETION);
        } else {
            mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(Constant.PLAY_ERROR);
        }
        if (null != mediaPlayer) {
            mediaPlayer.setOnCompletionListener(null);
            mediaPlayer.setOnErrorListener(null);
            mediaPlayer.stop();
            mediaPlayer.reset();
            mediaPlayer.release();
            mediaPlayer = null;
        }
    }
}

頁面佈局

<LinearLayout
        xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:orientation="vertical"
        android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
        android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
        android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
        android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin">

    <Button
            android:id="@+id/start_tv"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:text="開始錄音"
            android:textSize="16sp"
            />

    <ListView
            android:id="@+id/listview"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:divider="#d1d1d1"
            android:dividerHeight="1dp"
            android:scrollbars="none"
            android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
            android:layout_marginBottom="10dp"></ListView>

</LinearLayout>

對應資原始檔strings.xml：

<resources>
    <string name="app_name">mediarecorder</string>
    <string name="record_fail">錄音失敗</string>
    <string name="time_too_short">時間太短，請重新錄音</string>
    <string name="play_over">播放完成</string>
    <string name="play_error">抱歉，播放發生異常</string>
    <string name="stop_by_up">鬆開停止錄音</string>
    <string name="speak_by_press">按住說話</string>
    <string name="start_record">開始錄音</string>
    <string name="stop_record">停止錄音</string>
</resources>

錄音相關許可權 ：

<!--SD卡許可權-->
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>
    <!--錄音許可權-->
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO"/>