備份分類

資料備份是為了儘可能快地全盤恢復執行計算機系統所需的資料和系統資訊，它不僅在網路系統硬體故障或人為失誤時起到保護作用，同時能在叢集環境下失效切換之後備機能夠正常接管關鍵業務的基礎。當然，資料備份也是系統災難恢復的前提之一。

從備份模式的角度來說，分為 物理備份 和 邏輯備份 ，也就是我們通常所說的基於資料塊級別的備份和基於檔案級的備份。

物理備份

物理備份是磁碟塊級的備份，它需要資料庫處於歸檔模式下，用rman工具來轉儲ORACLE物理檔案(如資料檔案、控制檔案、歸檔日誌檔案、引數檔案，密碼檔案)，一旦資料庫發生故障，可以利用這些檔案進行還原。

邏輯備份

邏輯備份是以檔案為基本單位的備份，業務資料庫採用此種方式，此方法不需要資料庫執行在歸擋模式下，ORACLE邏輯備份分為三種模式：表備份、使用者備份和完全備份，使用的工具有exp，expdp等

關於如何深入的理解物理備份和邏輯備份的概念，詳見如下URL：

物理備份策略

1 配置全備指令碼

[[email protected] oracle]# vi rman0.sh 

#!/bin/bash
bdate=`date +%Y_%m_%d`
st=`date +%s`
[ -d /u01/app/oracle/rman_backup/${bdate}-LEVEL0 ] || mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/rman_backup/${bdate}-LEVEL0
[ -d /u01/app/oracle/log ] || mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/log
chown -R oracle.oinstall /u01/app/oracle/rman_backup
chown -R oracle.oinstall /u01/app/oracle/log
su - oracle -c 'rman log='/u01/app/oracle/log/${bdate}-LEVEL0.log' append'<<EOF &> /dev/null
connect target /;
run{
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
configure retention policy to redundancy 2;
allocate channel c1 type disk;
allocate channel c2 type disk;
delete noprompt obsolete;
crosscheck backup;
delete noprompt expired backup;
crosscheck archivelog all;
delete noprompt expired archivelog all;
backup incremental level 0 database format '/u01/app/oracle/rman_backup/${bdate}-LEVEL0/L0_DATA_%T_%U.bak';
backup archivelog all format '/u01/app/oracle/rman_backup/${bdate}-LEVEL0/L0_ARC_%T_%U.bak' delete all input;
backup current controlfile format'/u01/app/oracle/rman_backup/${bdate}-LEVEL0/L0_CON_%T_%U.bak';
backup spfile format '/u01/app/oracle/rman_backup/${bdate}-LEVEL0/L0_SPFILE_%T_%U.bak';
release channel c1;
release channel c2;
}
EOF
echo >> /u01/app/oracle/log/${bdate}-LEVEL0.log

en=`date +%s`
min=`awk -ven=$en -vst=$st 'BEGIN{print (en-st)/60}'`
echo "it use $min minutes" >> /u01/app/oracle/log/${bdate}-LEVEL0.log
echo  `date` >> /u01/app/oracle/log/${bdate}-LEVEL0.log

echo "*********************************Finish*********************************************" >> /u01/app/oracle/log/${bdate}-LEVEL0.log
echo >> /u01/app/oracle/log/${bdate}-LEVEL0.log
 

2 配置增備指令碼

[[email protected] oracle]# cat rman1.sh 
#!/bin/bash
bdate=`date +%Y_%m_%d`
st=`date +%s` #start
[ -d /u01/app/oracle/rman_backup/${bdate}-LEVLE1 ] || mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/rman_backup/${bdate}-LEVEL1
[ -d /u01/app/oracle/log ] || mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/log
chown -R oracle.oinstall /u01/app/oracle/rman_backup
chown -R oracle.oinstall /u01/app/oracle/log
su - oracle -c 'rman log='/u01/app/oracle/log/${bdate}-LEVEL1.log' append'<<EOF &> /dev/null
connect target /;
run{
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
configure retention policy to redundancy 2;
allocate channel c1 type disk;
allocate channel c2 type disk;
delete noprompt obsolete;
crosscheck backup;
delete noprompt expired backup;
crosscheck archivelog all;
delete noprompt expired archivelog all;
backup incremental level 1 database format '/u01/app/oracle/rman_backup/${bdate}-LEVEL1/L1_DATA_%T_%U.bak';
backup archivelog all format '/u01/app/oracle/rman_backup/${bdate}-LEVEL1/L1_ARC_%T_%U.bak' delete all input;
backup current controlfile format'/u01/app/oracle/rman_backup/${bdate}-LEVEL1/L1_CON_%T_%U.bak';
backup spfile format '/u01/app/oracle/rman_backup/${bdate}-LEVEL1/L1_SPFILE_%T_%U.bak';
release channel c1;
release channel c2;
}
EOF
echo >> /u01/app/oracle/log/${bdate}-LEVEL1.log

en=`date +%s` #end
min=`awk -ven=$en -vst=$st 'BEGIN{print (en-st)/60}'` #calc
echo "it use $min minutes" >> /u01/app/oracle/log/${bdate}-LEVEL1.log
echo  `date` >> /u01/app/oracle/log/${bdate}-LEVEL1.log

echo "*********************************Finish*********************************************" >> /u01/app/oracle/log/${bdate}-LEVEL1.log
echo >> /u01/app/oracle/log/${bdate}-LEVEL1.log
 

3 配置計劃任務

root使用者下

[[email protected] expdp_backup]# crontab -l
#物理備份
#週日0點全備份
00 00 * * 0   /u01/app/oracle/rman0.sh
#週一到週六0點增量備份
00 00 * * 1-6 /u01/app/oracle/rman1.sh

4 RMAN的保留7天冗餘

RMAN> CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 7 DAYS;

邏輯備份策略

1 確認PUMP目錄和授權

SQL> select * from dba_directories;

OWNER                  DIRECTORY_NAME                     DIRECTORY_PATH
------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------- -----
SYS                DUMP                       /u01/app/oracle/expdp_backup


SQL> grant create any directory to sdtd27;
SQL> grant read,write on directory DUMP to sdtd27;

2 編輯自動備份指令碼

oracle使用者下

指令碼名稱backup.sh

[[email protected] expdp_backup]$ cat /u01/app/oracle/expdp_backup/backup.sh 

#!/bin/bash
ORACLE_SID=orcl
ORACLE_BASE=/oracle/app/oracle
ORACLE_HOME=/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1

old_file="sdtd27_"$(date -d "2 days ago" +%Y%m%d_.dmp)
rm -rf /u01/app/oracle/expdp_backup/$old_file
new_file="sdtd27_"$(date +%Y%m%d_.dmp)
/oracle/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/expdp sdtd27/Rzt0510sdtd directory=dump dumpfile=$new_file compression=ALL parallel=4 cluster=n

3 配置計劃任務

在oracle使用者下

[[email protected] ~]$ crontab -l
#邏輯備份
#每天2點邏輯全備
00 02 * * * /u01/app/oracle/expdp_backup/backup.sh > /u01/app/oracle/expdp_backup/backup$(date +%Y%m%d).log 2>&1