1. 程式人生 > >mongodb_修改器($inc/$set/$unset/$push/$pop/upsert......)

mongodb_修改器($inc/$set/$unset/$push/$pop/upsert......)

對於文件的更新除替換外,針對某個或多個文件只需要部分更新可使用原子的更新修改器,能夠高效的進行文件更新。更新修改器是中特殊的鍵,
用來指定複雜的操作,比如增加、刪除或者調整鍵,還可能是運算元組或者內嵌文件。

1.$inc
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
這個修改器幹什麼使的呢?看看下面示例的具體操作後的結果即可知道。

示例文件:{"uid":"201203","type":"1",size:10}

> db.b.insert({"uid":"201203","type":"1",size:10})
> db.b.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003b6135af21ff428dafbe6"), "uid" : "201203", "type" : "1",
"size" : 10 }
> db.b.update({"uid" : "201203"},{"$inc":{"size" : 1}})
> db.b.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003b6135af21ff428dafbe6"), "uid" : "201203", "type" : "1",
"size" : 11 }
> db.b.update({"uid" : "201203"},{"$inc":{"size" : 2}})
> db.b.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003b6135af21ff428dafbe6"), "uid" : "201203", "type" : "1",
"size" : 13 }
> db.b.update({"uid" : "201203"},{"$inc":{"size" : -1}})
> db.b.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003b6135af21ff428dafbe6"), "uid" : "201203", "type" : "1",
"size" : 12 }

得出結論:修改器$inc可以對文件的某個值為數字型(只能為滿足要求的數字)的鍵進行增減的操作。
(這裡有個問題:上篇中說到更新預設只對滿足條件的記錄集中第一個文件進行更新,那麼使用$inc修改器之後,還是一樣嗎?)

2.$set
-------------------------------------------------------------------
用來指定一個鍵並更新鍵值,若鍵不存在並建立。來看看下面的效果:

> db.a.findOne({"uid" : "20120002","type" : "3"})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("500216de81b954b6161a7d8f"), "desc" : "hello world2!", "num"
: 40, "sname" : "jk", "type" : "3", "uid" : "20120002" }
--size鍵不存在的場合
> db.a.update({"uid" : "20120002","type" : "3"},{"$set":{"size":10}})
> db.a.findOne({"uid" : "20120002","type" : "3"})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("500216de81b954b6161a7d8f"), "desc" : "hello world2!", "num"
: 40, "size" : 10, "sname" : "jk", "type" : "3", "uid" : "20120002" }
--sname鍵存在的場合
> db.a.update({"uid" : "20120002","type" : "3"},{"$set":{"sname":"ssk"}})
> db.a.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("500216de81b954b6161a7d8f"), "desc" : "hello world2!", "num"
: 40, "size" : 10, "sname" : "ssk", "type" : "3", "uid" : "20120002" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("50026affdeb4fa8d154f8572"), "desc" : "hello world1!", "num"
: 50, "sname" : "jk", "type" : "1", "uid" : "20120002" }
--可改變鍵的值型別
> db.a.update({"uid" : "20120002","type" : "3"},{"$set":{"sname":["java",".net","c++"]}})
> db.a.findOne({"uid" : "20120002","type" : "3"})
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("500216de81b954b6161a7d8f"),
        "desc" : "hello world2!",
        "num" : 40,
        "size" : 10,
        "sname" : [
                "java",
                ".net",
                "c++"
        ],
        "type" : "3",
        "uid" : "20120002"
}

對於內嵌的文件,$set又是如何進行更新的內嵌的文件的呢,請看下面的示例:
示例文件:{"name":"toyota","type":"suv","size":{"height":10,"width":5,"length":15}}

> db.c.findOne({"name":"toyota"})
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("5003be465af21ff428dafbe7"),
        "name" : "toyota",
        "type" : "suv",
        "size" : {
                "height" : 10,
                "width" : 5,
                "length" : 15
        }
}
> db.c.update({"name":"toyota"},{"$set":{"size.height":8}})
> db.c.findOne({"name":"toyota"})
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("5003be465af21ff428dafbe7"),
        "name" : "toyota",
        "type" : "suv",
        "size" : {
                "height" : 8,
                "width" : 5,
                "length" : 15
        }
}
> db.c.update({"name":"toyota"},{"$set":{"size.width":7}})
> db.c.findOne({"name":"toyota"})
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("5003be465af21ff428dafbe7"),
        "name" : "toyota",
        "type" : "suv",
        "size" : {
                "height" : 8,
                "width" : 7,
                "length" : 15
        }
}
可見:對於內嵌文件在使用$set更新時,使用"."連線的方式。


3.$unset
----------------------------------------------------------------
從字面就可以看出其意義,主要是用來刪除鍵。
示例操作效果如下:

> db.a.update({"uid" : "20120002","type" : "3"},{"$unset":{"sname":1}})
> db.a.findOne({"uid" : "20120002","type" : "3"})
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("500216de81b954b6161a7d8f"),
        "desc" : "hello world2!",
        "num" : 40,
        "size" : 10,
        "type" : "3",
        "uid" : "20120002"
}
> db.a.update({"uid" : "20120002","type" : "3"},{"$unset":{"num":0}})
> db.a.findOne({"uid" : "20120002","type" : "3"})
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("500216de81b954b6161a7d8f"),
        "desc" : "hello world2!",
        "size" : 10,
        "type" : "3",
        "uid" : "20120002"
}
> db.a.update({"uid" : "20120002","type" : "3"},{"$unset":{"size":-1}})
> db.a.findOne({"uid" : "20120002","type" : "3"})
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("500216de81b954b6161a7d8f"),
        "desc" : "hello world2!",
        "type" : "3",
        "uid" : "20120002"
}
> db.a.update({"uid" : "20120002","type" : "3"},{"$unset":{"desc":"sssssss"}})
> db.a.findOne({"uid" : "20120002","type" : "3"})
{
        "_id" : ObjectId("500216de81b954b6161a7d8f"),
        "type" : "3",
        "uid" : "20120002"
}

得出結論:使用修改器$unset時,不論對目標鍵使用1、0、-1或者具體的字串等都是可以刪除該目標鍵。

4.陣列修改器--$push
------------------------------------------------------------------
示例操作效果如下:
> db.c.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003be465af21ff428dafbe7"), "name" : "toyota", "type" : "suv",
"size" : { "height" : 8, "width" : 7, "length" : 15 } }

--先push一個當前文件中不存在的鍵title
> db.c.update({"name" : "toyota"},{$push:{"title":"t1"}})
> db.c.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003be465af21ff428dafbe7"), "name" : "toyota", "size" : { "height" : 8,
 "width" : 7, "length" : 15 }, "title" : [ "t1" ], "type" : "suv" }
 
--再向title中push一個值
> db.c.update({"name" : "toyota"},{$push:{"title":"t2"}})
> db.c.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003be465af21ff428dafbe7"), "name" : "toyota", "size" : { "height" : 8,
 "width" : 7, "length" : 15 }, "title" : [ "t1", "t2" ], "type" : "suv" }

--再向title中push一個值
> db.c.update({"name" : "toyota"},{$push:{"title":"t2"}})
> db.c.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003be465af21ff428dafbe7"), "name" : "toyota", "size" : { "height" : 8,
 "width" : 7, "length" : 15 }, "title" : [ "t1", "t2", "t2" ], "type" : "suv" }

--再向一個已經存在的鍵值非陣列型別的鍵push一個值
> db.c.update({"name" : "toyota"},{$push:{"size.height":10}})
Cannot apply $push/$pushAll modifier to non-array
> db.c.update({"name" : "toyota"},{$push:{"name":"ddddddd"}})
Cannot apply $push/$pushAll modifier to non-array

得出結論:$push--向文件的某個陣列型別的鍵新增一個數組元素,不過濾重複的資料。新增時鍵存在,要求鍵值型別必須是陣列;鍵不存在,則建立陣列型別的鍵。

5.陣列修改器--$ne/$addToSet
---------------------------------------------------------------------
主要給陣列型別鍵值新增一個元素時,避免在陣列中產生重複資料,$ne在有些情況是不通行的。

> db.c.update({"title" : {$ne:"t2"}},{$push:{"title":"t2"}})
> db.c.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003be465af21ff428dafbe7"), "name" : "toyota", "size" : { "height" : 8,
 "width" : 7, "length" : 15 }, "title" : [ "t1", "t2", "t2" ], "type" : "suv" }

> db.c.update({"name" : "toyota"},{$addToSet:{"title":"t2"}})
> db.c.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003be465af21ff428dafbe7"), "name" : "toyota", "size" : { "height" : 8,
 "width" : 7, "length" : 15 }, "title" : [ "t1", "t2", "t2" ], "type" : "suv" }

6.陣列修改器--$pop、$pull
------------------------------------------------------------
$pop從陣列的頭或者尾刪除陣列中的元素,示例如下:
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003be465af21ff428dafbe7"), "name" : "toyota", "size" : { "height" : 8,
 "width" : 7, "length" : 15 }, "title" : [ "t1", "t2", "t3", "t4" ],"type" : "suv" }

--從陣列的尾部刪除 1
> db.c.update({"name" : "toyota"},{$pop:{"title":1}})
> db.c.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003be465af21ff428dafbe7"), "name" : "toyota", "size" : { "height" : 8,
 "width" : 7, "length" : 15 }, "title" : [ "t1", "t2", "t3" ], "type" : "suv" }
--從陣列的頭部 -1
> db.c.update({"name" : "toyota"},{$pop:{"title":-1}})
> db.c.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003be465af21ff428dafbe7"), "name" : "toyota", "size" : { "height" : 8,
 "width" : 7, "length" : 15 }, "title" : [ "t2", "t3" ], "type" : "suv" }
--從陣列的尾部刪除 0
> db.c.update({"name" : "toyota"},{$pop:{"title":0}})
> db.c.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003be465af21ff428dafbe7"), "name" : "toyota", "size" : { "height" : 8,
 "width" : 7, "length" : 15 }, "title" : [ "t2" ], "type" : "suv" }
 
$pull從陣列中刪除滿足條件的元素,示例如下:
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003be465af21ff428dafbe7"), "name" : "toyota", "size" : { "height" : 8,
 "width" : 7, "length" : 15 }, "title" : [ "t1", "t2", "t2", "t3" ],"type" : "suv" }
 
> db.c.update({"name" : "toyota"},{$pull:{"title":"t2"}})
> db.c.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003be465af21ff428dafbe7"), "name" : "toyota", "size" : { "height" : 8,
 "width" : 7, "length" : 15 }, "title" : [ "t1", "t3" ], "type" : "suv" }
 
7.陣列的定位修改器
-------------------------------------------------------------------
在需要對陣列中的值進行操作的時候,可通過位置或者定位操作符("$").陣列是0開始的,可以直接將下標作為鍵來選擇元素。
示例如下:
{"uid":"001",comments:[{"name":"t1","size":10},{"name":"t2","size":12}]}

> db.c.find({"uid":"001"})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003da405af21ff428dafbe8"), "uid" : "001", "comments" : [ {
"name" : "t1", "size" : 10 }, { "name" : "t2", "size" : 12 } ] }
> db.c.update({"uid":"001"},{$inc:{"comments.0.size":1}})
> db.c.find({"uid":"001"})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003da405af21ff428dafbe8"), "uid" : "001", "comments" : [ {
"name" : "t1", "size" : 11 }, { "name" : "t2", "size" : 12 } ] }
> db.c.update({"comments.name":"t1"},{$set:{"comments.$.size":1}})
> db.c.find({"uid":"001"})
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003da405af21ff428dafbe8"), "uid" : "001", "comments" : [ {
"name" : "t1", "size" : 1 }, { "name" : "t2", "size" : 12 } ] }

--若為多個文件滿足條件,則只更新第一個文件。

8.upsert
-----------------------------------------------------------------
upsert是一種特殊的更新。當沒有符合條件的文件,就以這個條件和更新文件為基礎建立一個新的文件,如果找到匹配的文件就正常的更新。
使用upsert,既可以避免競態問題,也可以減少程式碼量(update的第三個引數就表示這個upsert,引數為true時)

> db.c.remove()
> db.c.update({"size":11},{$inc:{"size":3}})
> db.c.find()
> db.c.update({"size":11},{$inc:{"size":3}},false)
> db.c.find()
> db.c.update({"size":11},{$inc:{"size":3}},true)
> db.c.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5003ded6c28f67507a6df1de"), "size" : 14 }

9.save函式
-----------------------------------------------------------------
1.可以在文件不存在的時候插入,存在的時候更新,只有一個引數文件。
2.要是文件含有"_id",會呼叫upsert。否則,會呼叫插入。
> db.a.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("50026affdeb4fa8d154f8572"), "desc" : "hello world1!", "num": 50,
 "sname" : "jk", "type" : "1", "uid" : "20120002" }
> var o = db.a.findOne()
> o.num = 55
55
> db.a.save(o)
> db.a.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("50026affdeb4fa8d154f8572"), "desc" : "hello world1!", "num": 55,
 "sname" : "jk", "type" : "1", "uid" : "20120002" }