Investments: 共同基金和其他投資公司
阿新 • • 發佈:2019-02-19
複習投資學寫的筆記,有些地方直接翻譯的,可能一些翻譯不是很對
投資公司
- Managed investment companies
- 開放式Open-end funds: mutual funds 共同基金:以淨值發行贖回份額
- 封閉式Closed-end funds:不能贖回,交易價格不同於資產淨值
- REITS,房地產投資信託
- 對衝基金
投資公司
- 金融中介從個人投資者收集資金並將這些資金投資於各種證券
- 為其投資者執行若干功能:
- 管理和記錄儲存
- 分散風險
- 專業資金管理
- 降低交易成本
淨資產值 Net Asset Value
投資者購買投資公司份額,每股份額稱為淨資產值(NAV,資產淨值) 它用於 1. 投資公司股票估值的基礎2. 出售新股
3. 贖回現有股份
計算:
資產淨值 NAV=(資產的市場價值 Maket Value of Assets - 負債 Liabilities) / Shares Outstanding 已發行股數
Load 申購費,贖回費:共同基金的營業佣金
開放式基金和封閉式基金的主要區別
開放式
- 由基金公司賣出或贖回,是基金公司和投資者之間的交易
- 定價:以資產淨值(NAV)出售
- 已發行股份:新股銷售或舊股贖回時的變動
- 贖回或發行依靠淨資產值
- 擁有可變數量的股份
封閉式
- 股票在市場上投資者買賣,基金本身不涉及
- 定價:以premium (補償) 或折扣價格的淨資產值出售
- 已發行股份:除非提供新股,否則無變動
- 被出售給有組織的交易所的其他投資者
- 有固定數量的股份
其他投資機構
房地產投資信託基金(REITs)
- 類似於封閉式基金,投資於房地產或房地產貸款
- 由銀行,保險公司或抵押公司成立
- Equity trust
- Mortgage trust 債權信託:主要投資於抵押貸款和建築貸款
對衝基金
- Private speculative investment pool, exempt from SEC
- Can only accept funds from certain classes of (presumably) informed investors
- 少量的資訊披露 Little information disclosure
- 鎖定期 Lock-up period
- 管理費 Management fee + 獎勵飛incentive fees
- 大槓桿 Typically heavily leveraged
- Attempt to exploit temporary anomalies in security valuations
共同基金
共同基金 - “資產管理公司”- 人們彙集他們的金融資產:規模經濟
- 低成本多元化
- 一般來說全面多元化意味著至少有20家低關聯企業
- 很難實現小儲戶
- 佣金,其他交易費用,使全面的多元化成本過高
- 國際投資,特別是在新興市場,對於沒有共同基金的大多數儲戶幾乎是不可能的
- 低成本的投資專長
- 規模經濟:證券分析成本分散:
- 資訊問題:對於小儲戶來說,學習基本的東西
類別
- Money market funds 貨幣市場基金: Commercial paper 商業票據,T-bills,CDs等
- Equity funds股權基金
- 投資股票
- Growth Funds 增長基金: 試圖投資高增長的公司,理論上可以提供高回報
- Value or Income Funds 價值或收入基金: 試圖投資於支付高額紅利的公司, 通常在成熟行業,不被視為“成長型”企業
- Specialized sector funds 特定行業基金
- 專注於特定行業,特定國家,具體風險類別等。
- Bond funds 債券基金: 固定收益(債券)
- International funds
- 全球證券,美國內
- 美國境外投資
- Reginal funds 區域基金專注於世界的特定區域
- Emerging market funds 新興市場基金投資發展中國家
- Balanced funds 平衡式基金
- 持股比例固定的equities和fixed-income securities
- Life-cycle funds 生命週期基金:資產組合範圍從侵略性到保守
- 靜態分配資金在股票和債券之間保持穩定的組合
- 有針對性的成熟基金在投資者年齡變得更加保守
- Funds of funds :主要投資於其他共同基金的共同基金
- proportion varies according to market forecast
- Try to match performance of broad market index 嘗試匹配廣泛市場指數的表現
- Buy shares in securities included in particular index in proportion to security’s representation in index 複製了某些指數的比例標準
Who invests in Mutual funds?
- Retail: Individuals, small institutions
- Retirement accounts through employers 退休金賬戶
- Rainy day savings, college
- Church endowments, cemetery funds, etc.
- Wholesale: Other institutional asset managers, e.g.,
- Pension funds (other retirement money, more later)
- Insurance companies
- Large endowments (捐贈)
COSTS OF INVESTING IN MUTUAL FUNDS
Fee Structure
- Front-end load: commission or sales charge paid when you purchases the shares
- Pay the brokers
- no-load funds
- Low-load funds: range up to 3%
- Others could up to 8.5%
- Back-end load: redemption or exit fee incurred when you sell your shares當賣出份額
- Start from 5-6% and reduce them by 1% for every year the funds are left invested
- e.g. An exit fee that starts at 6% would fall to 4% by the start of your third year
- Operating expenses:執行組合的費用
- Administrative expenses
- Advisory fees paid to the investment manager 投資經理諮詢費
- 0.2-2 % of total assets under management
- Administrative expenses
- 12 b-1 charges
- distribution costs paid by the fund
- Advertising, promotional literature including annual reports and prospectuses 廣告,促銷文獻,包括年度報告和招股說明書
- Commissions paid to brokers who sell the fund to investors 投資經理的佣金
- Alternative to a load
- Are limited to 1% of a fund’s average NAV per year
- distribution costs paid by the fund
Exchange Traded Funds 交易所交易基金
- ETF allow investors to trade index portfolios like shares of stock 以股票的形式交易指數投資組合
- Examples – SPDRs and Diamonds, Cubes, WEBS
- Potential advantages
- Trade continuously throughout day 交易不斷
- Can be sold or purchased on margin
- Potentially lower tax rates
- Lower costs (no marketing, lower fund expenses)
- Potential disadvantages
- Price departed from the NAV by small amounts
平均而言,共同基金表現低於市場表現 Evidence suggests some persistence in positive performance over certain horizons