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Python Web Flask原始碼解讀(三)——模板渲染過程

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前面對Flask啟動流程和路由原理都進行了原始碼走讀。今天我們看看模板渲染的過程。

0x00 使用模板

首先看一個來自官方文件使用模板渲染的例子

from flask import render_template

@app.route('/hello/')
@app.route('/hello/<name>')
def hello(name=None):
    return render_template('hello.html', name=name)

在專案目錄下需要有一個templates目錄,並建立了一個hello.html檔案

/templates
    /hello.html

hello.html的內容為

<!doctype html>
<title>Hello from Flask</title>
{% if name %}
  <h1>Hello {{ name }}!</h1>
{% else %}
  <h1>Hello, World!</h1>
{% endif %}

這個模板中name是引數,通過呼叫render_template方法就可以根據引數實現html

模板檔案的渲染。

0x01 Flask.render_template

def render_template(template_name, **context):
    """Renders a template from the template folder with the given
    context.

    :param template_name: the name of the template to be rendered
    :param context: the variables that should be available in the
                    context of the template.
    """
    current_app.update_template_context(context)
    return current_app.jinja_env.get_template(template_name).render(context)

方法的註釋很清楚,從templates資料夾中找到名稱為template_name的檔案進行渲染。其中current_app是通過以下語句初始化

_request_ctx_stack = LocalStack()
current_app = LocalProxy(lambda: _request_ctx_stack.top.app)

LocalStack就是一個棧的實現類。而_request_ctx_stack是在Flask.request_context()方法中將當前的上下文例項push到棧裡面的

def request_context(self, environ):
    """Creates a request context from the given environment and binds
    it to the current context.  This must be used in combination with
    the `with` statement because the request is only bound to the
    current context for the duration of the `with` block.

    Example usage::

        with app.request_context(environ):
            do_something_with(request)

    :params environ: a WSGI environment
    """
    return _RequestContext(self, environ)

_RequestContext類實現了上下文管理器協議,它可以在with語句中使用

class _RequestContext(object):
    """The request context contains all request relevant information.  It is
    created at the beginning of the request and pushed to the
    `_request_ctx_stack` and removed at the end of it.  It will create the
    URL adapter and request object for the WSGI environment provided.
    """

    def __init__(self, app, environ):
        self.app = app
        self.url_adapter = app.url_map.bind_to_environ(environ)
        self.request = app.request_class(environ)
        self.session = app.open_session(self.request)
        self.g = _RequestGlobals()
        self.flashes = None

    def __enter__(self):
        _request_ctx_stack.push(self)

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
        # do not pop the request stack if we are in debug mode and an
        # exception happened.  This will allow the debugger to still
        # access the request object in the interactive shell.
        if tb is None or not self.app.debug:
            _request_ctx_stack.pop()

執行__enter__()時操作push,退出with語句時就執行pop操作。
回到request_context()方法,它是在wsgi_app()中被呼叫的

def wsgi_app(self, environ, start_response):
    """The actual WSGI application.  This is not implemented in
    `__call__` so that middlewares can be applied:

        app.wsgi_app = MyMiddleware(app.wsgi_app)

    :param environ: a WSGI environment
    :param start_response: a callable accepting a status code,
                           a list of headers and an optional
                           exception context to start the response
    """
    with self.request_context(environ):
        rv = self.preprocess_request()
        if rv is None:
            rv = self.dispatch_request()
        response = self.make_response(rv)
        response = self.process_response(response)
        return response(environ, start_response)

從路由原理文章的分析知道,wsgi_app()在服務端接收到客戶端請求時就會執行。
所以當請求來臨時,就會把當前Flask例項的請求上下文例項儲存到棧例項_request_ctx_stack中;請求處理後,就從棧裡面彈出當前請求的上下文例項。

LocalProxy是一個代理類,它的建構函式傳遞了一個lambda表示式:lambda: _request_ctx_stack.top.app
這個操作就把當前的上下文例項通過LocalProxy進行了封裝,即current_app是當前Flask例項的上下文的代理。
所以當current_app.jinja_env這個語句其實就是訪問Flask的例項屬性jinja_env,這個屬性是在Flask的建構函式中進行初始化的。

class Flask(object):
    ...
    #: 原始碼太長了省略
    #: options that are passed directly to the Jinja2 environment
    jinja_options = dict(
        autoescape=True,
        extensions=['jinja2.ext.autoescape', 'jinja2.ext.with_']
    )

    def __init__(self, package_name):
        ...
        #: 原始碼太長省略部分原始碼
        #: the Jinja2 environment.  It is created from the
        #: :attr:`jinja_options` and the loader that is returned
        #: by the :meth:`create_jinja_loader` function.
        self.jinja_env = Environment(loader=self.create_jinja_loader(),
                                     **self.jinja_options)
        self.jinja_env.globals.update(
            url_for=url_for,
            get_flashed_messages=get_flashed_messages
        )

jinja_env是一個Environment例項。這個是jinja模板引擎提供的類,Flask框架的模板渲染就是通過jinja來實現的。
Environment需要一個loader,是通過以下方法獲取的

def create_jinja_loader(self):
    """Creates the Jinja loader.  By default just a package loader for
    the configured package is returned that looks up templates in the
    `templates` folder.  To add other loaders it's possible to
    override this method.
    """
    if pkg_resources is None:
        return FileSystemLoader(os.path.join(self.root_path, 'templates'))
    return PackageLoader(self.package_name)

預設情況下是從templates目錄下構造一個FileSystemLoader的例項,這個類的作用就是從檔案系統中載入模板檔案的。

0x02 Environment.get_template

@internalcode
def get_template(self, name, parent=None, globals=None):
    """Load a template from the loader.  If a loader is configured this
    method ask the loader for the template and returns a :class:`Template`.
    If the `parent` parameter is not `None`, :meth:`join_path` is called
    to get the real template name before loading.

    The `globals` parameter can be used to provide template wide globals.
    These variables are available in the context at render time.

    If the template does not exist a :exc:`TemplateNotFound` exception is
    raised.

    .. versionchanged:: 2.4
       If `name` is a :class:`Template` object it is returned from the
       function unchanged.
    """
    if isinstance(name, Template):
        return name
    if parent is not None:
        name = self.join_path(name, parent)
    return self._load_template(name, self.make_globals(globals))

get_template()方法內部呼叫了_load_template()方法

@internalcode
def _load_template(self, name, globals):
    if self.loader is None:
        raise TypeError('no loader for this environment specified')
    if self.cache is not None:
        template = self.cache.get(name)
        if template is not None and (not self.auto_reload or \
                                     template.is_up_to_date):
            return template
    template = self.loader.load(self, name, globals)
    if self.cache is not None:
        self.cache[name] = template
    return template

_load_template()方法首先會檢查是否有快取,如果快取可用就使用快取;快取不可用就使用loader載入模板,這個loader就是前面提到的FileSystemLoader的例項(預設情況下)。

0x03 BaseLoader.load

@internalcode
def load(self, environment, name, globals=None):
    ...
    # 省略部分原始碼
    return environment.template_class.from_code(environment, code, globals, uptodate)

BaseLoaderFileSystemLoader的基類。這個load方法實現了模板的編譯、載入等邏輯。最後是使用environment.template_class.from_code()方法。其中template_classTemplate類,它代表編譯後的模板物件。
from_codeTemplate類的靜態方法,可以用來建立一個Template例項。當load方法返回時,就得到了一個Template物件。
最後回到render_template方法

def render_template(template_name, **context):
    ...
    return current_app.jinja_env.get_template(template_name).render(context)

執行了Template物件的render()方法。

0x04 Template.render

def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
    """This function accepts either a dict or some keyword arguments which
    will then be the context the template is evaluated in.  The return
    value will be the rendered template.

    :param context: the function accepts the same arguments as the
                    :class:`dict` constructor.
    :return: the rendered template as string
    """
    ns = self.default_context.copy()
    if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], utils.MultiDict):
        ns.update(args[0].to_dict(flat=True))
    else:
        ns.update(dict(*args))
    if kwargs:
        ns.update(kwargs)
    context = Context(ns, self.charset, self.errors)
    exec self.code in context.runtime, context
    return context.get_value(self.unicode_mode)

這個方法接收一個dict型別引數,用於給模板傳遞引數。該方法的核心是執行exec函式。execPython內建函式,它可以動態的執行Python程式碼。

0x05 總結一下

Flask使用Jinja作為模板引擎。執行路徑為

Flask.render_template => Environment.get_template => Template.render => exec

0x06 學習資料

  • https://palletsprojects.com/p/flask/
  • http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/2.10/