【深度思考】JDK8中日期型別該如何使用?
阿新 • • 發佈:2020-06-12
在JDK8之前,處理日期時間,我們主要使用3個類,`Date`、`SimpleDateFormat`和`Calendar`。
這3個類在使用時都或多或少的存在一些問題,比如`SimpleDateFormat`不是執行緒安全的,
比如`Date`和`Calendar`獲取到的月份是0到11,而不是現實生活中的1到12,關於這一點,《阿里巴巴Java開發手冊》中也有提及,因為很容易犯錯:
![](https://images.zwwhnly.com/picture/2020/06/snipaste_20200610_155757.png)
不過,JDK8推出了全新的日期時間處理類解決了這些問題,比如`Instant`、`LocalDate`、`LocalTime`、`LocalDateTime`、`DateTimeFormatter`,在《阿里巴巴Java開發手冊》中也推薦使用`Instant`、
`LocalDateTime`、`DateTimeFormatter`:
![](https://images.zwwhnly.com/picture/2020/06/snipaste_20200610_160150.png)
但我發現好多專案中其實並沒有使用這些類,使用的還是之前的`Date`、`SimpleDateFormat`和`Calendar`,所以本篇部落格就講解下JDK8新推出的日期時間類,主要是下面幾個:
1. Instant
2. LocalDate
3. LocalTime
4. LocalDateTime
5. DateTimeFormatter
## 1. Instant
### 1.1 獲取當前時間
既然`Instant`可以代替`Date`類,那它肯定可以獲取當前時間:
```java
Instant instant = Instant.now();
System.out.println(instant);
```
輸出結果:
> 2020-06-10T08:22:13.759Z
細心的你會發現,這個時間比北京時間少了8個小時,如果要輸出北京時間,可以加上預設時區:
```java
System.out.println(instant.atZone(ZoneId.systemDefault()));
```
輸出結果:
> 2020-06-10T16:22:13.759+08:00[Asia/Shanghai]
### 1.2 獲取時間戳
```java
Instant instant = Instant.now();
// 當前時間戳:單位為秒
System.out.println(instant.getEpochSecond());
// 當前時間戳:單位為毫秒
System.out.println(instant.toEpochMilli());
```
輸出結果:
> 1591777752
>
> 1591777752613
當然,也可以通過`System.currentTimeMillis()`獲取當前毫秒數。
### 1.3 將long轉換為Instant
1)根據秒數時間戳轉換:
```java
Instant instant = Instant.now();
System.out.println(instant);
long epochSecond = instant.getEpochSecond();
System.out.println(Instant.ofEpochSecond(epochSecond));
System.out.println(Instant.ofEpochSecond(epochSecond, instant.getNano()));
```
輸出結果:
> 2020-06-10T08:40:54.046Z
>
> 2020-06-10T08:40:54Z
>
> 2020-06-10T08:40:54.046Z
2)根據毫秒數時間戳轉換:
```java
Instant instant = Instant.now();
System.out.println(instant);
long epochMilli = instant.toEpochMilli();
System.out.println(Instant.ofEpochMilli(epochMilli));
```
輸出結果:
> 2020-06-10T08:43:25.607Z
>
> 2020-06-10T08:43:25.607Z
### 1.4 將String轉換為Instant
```java
String text = "2020-06-10T08:46:55.967Z";
Instant parseInstant = Instant.parse(text);
System.out.println("秒時間戳:" + parseInstant.getEpochSecond());
System.out.println("豪秒時間戳:" + parseInstant.toEpochMilli());
System.out.println("納秒:" + parseInstant.getNano());
```
輸出結果:
> 秒時間戳:1591778815
>
> 豪秒時間戳:1591778815967
>
> 納秒:967000000
如果字串格式不對,比如修改成`2020-06-10T08:46:55.967`,就會丟擲`java.time.format.DateTimeParseException`異常,如下圖所示:
![](https://images.zwwhnly.com/picture/2020/06/snipaste_20200610_165330.png)
## 2. LocalDate
### 2.1 獲取當前日期
使用`LocalDate`獲取當前日期非常簡單,如下所示:
```java
LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
System.out.println("today: " + today);
```
輸出結果:
> today: 2020-06-10
不用任何格式化,輸出結果就非常友好,如果使用`Date`,輸出這樣的格式,還得配合`SimpleDateFormat`指定`yyyy-MM-dd`進行格式化,一不小心還會出個bug,比如去年年底很火的1個bug,我當時還是截了圖的:
![](https://images.zwwhnly.com/picture/2020/06/snipaste_20200610_171414.png)
這2個好友是2019/12/31關注我的,但我2020年1月2號檢視時,卻顯示成了2020/12/31,為啥呢?格式化日期時格式寫錯了,應該是`yyyy/MM/dd`,卻寫成了`YYYY/MM/dd`,剛好那周跨年,就顯示成下一年,也就是2020年了,當時好幾個博主寫過文章解析原因,我這裡就不做過多解釋了。
> 劃重點:都說到這了,給大家安利下我新註冊的公眾號「申城異鄉人」,歡迎大家關注,更多原創文章等著你哦,哈哈。
### 2.2 獲取年月日
```java
LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
int year = today.getYear();
int month = today.getMonthValue();
int day = today.getDayOfMonth();
System.out.println("year: " + year);
System.out.println("month: " + month);
System.out.println("day: " + day);
```
輸出結果:
> year: 2020
>
> month: 6
>
> day: 10
獲取月份終於返回1到12了,不像`java.util.Calendar`獲取月份返回的是0到11,獲取完還得加1。
![](https://images.zwwhnly.com/picture/2020/06/snipaste_20200608_202729.png)
### 2.3 指定日期
```java
LocalDate specifiedDate = LocalDate.of(2020, 6, 1);
System.out.println("specifiedDate: " + specifiedDate);
```
輸出結果:
> specifiedDate: 2020-06-01
如果確定月份,推薦使用另一個過載方法,使用列舉指定月份:
```java
LocalDate specifiedDate = LocalDate.of(2020, Month.JUNE, 1);
```
### 2.4 比較日期是否相等
```java
LocalDate localDate1 = LocalDate.now();
LocalDate localDate2 = LocalDate.of(2020, 6, 10);
if (localDate1.equals(localDate2)) {
System.out.println("localDate1 equals localDate2");
}
```
輸出結果:
> localDate1 equals localDate2
### 2.5 獲取日期是本週/本月/本年的第幾天
```java
LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
System.out.println("Today:" + today);
System.out.println("Today is:" + today.getDayOfWeek());
System.out.println("今天是本週的第" + today.getDayOfWeek().getValue() + "天");
System.out.println("今天是本月的第" + today.getDayOfMonth() + "天");
System.out.println("今天是本年的第" + today.getDayOfYear() + "天");
```
輸出結果:
> Today:2020-06-11
>
> Today is:THURSDAY
>
> 今天是本週的第4天
>
> 今天是本月的第11天
>
> 今天是本年的第163天
### 2.6 判斷是否為閏年
```java
LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
System.out.println(today.getYear() + " is leap year:" + today.isLeapYear());
```
輸出結果:
> 2020 is leap year:true
## 3. LocalTime
### 3.1 獲取時分秒
如果使用`java.util.Date`,那程式碼是下面這樣的:
```java
Date date = new Date();
int hour = date.getHours();
int minute = date.getMinutes();
int second = date.getSeconds();
System.out.println("hour: " + hour);
System.out.println("minute: " + minute);
System.out.println("second: " + second);
```
輸出結果:
![](https://images.zwwhnly.com/picture/2020/06/snipaste_20200608_210444.png)
**注意事項:這幾個方法已經過期了,因此強烈不建議在專案中使用:**
![](https://images.zwwhnly.com/picture/2020/06/snipaste_20200608_210636.png)
如果使用`java.util.Calendar`,那程式碼是下面這樣的:
```java
Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
// 12小時制
int hourOf12 = calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR);
// 24小時制
int hourOf24 = calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY);
int minute = calendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE);
int second = calendar.get(Calendar.SECOND);
int milliSecond = calendar.get(Calendar.MILLISECOND);
System.out.println("hourOf12: " + hourOf12);
System.out.println("hourOf24: " + hourOf24);
System.out.println("minute: " + minute);
System.out.println("second: " + second);
System.out.println("milliSecond: " + milliSecond);
```
輸出結果:
![](https://images.zwwhnly.com/picture/2020/06/snipaste_20200608_204129.png)
**注意事項:**獲取小時時,有2個選項,1個返回12小時制的小時數,1個返回24小時制的小時數,因為現在是晚上8點,所以`calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR)`返回8,而`calendar.get(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY)`返回20。
如果使用`java.time.LocalTime`,那程式碼是下面這樣的:
```java
LocalTime localTime = LocalTime.now();
System.out.println("localTime:" + localTime);
int hour = localTime.getHour();
int minute = localTime.getMinute();
int second = localTime.getSecond();
System.out.println("hour: " + hour);
System.out.println("minute: " + minute);
System.out.println("second: " + second);
```
輸出結果:
![](https://images.zwwhnly.com/picture/2020/06/snipaste_20200608_211125.png)
可以看出,LocalTime只有時間沒有日期。
## 4. LocalDateTime
### 4.1 獲取當前時間
```java
LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println("localDateTime:" + localDateTime);
```
輸出結果:
> localDateTime: 2020-06-11T11:03:21.376
### 4.2 獲取年月日時分秒
```java
LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println("localDateTime: " + localDateTime);
System.out.println("year: " + localDateTime.getYear());
System.out.println("month: " + localDateTime.getMonthValue());
System.out.println("day: " + localDateTime.getDayOfMonth());
System.out.println("hour: " + localDateTime.getHour());
System.out.println("minute: " + localDateTime.getMinute());
System.out.println("second: " + localDateTime.getSecond());
```
輸出結果:
![](https://images.zwwhnly.com/picture/2020/06/snipaste_20200611_115748.png)
### 4.3 增加天數/小時
```java
LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println("localDateTime: " + localDateTime);
LocalDateTime tomorrow = localDateTime.plusDays(1);
System.out.println("tomorrow: " + tomorrow);
LocalDateTime nextHour = localDateTime.plusHours(1);
System.out.println("nextHour: " + nextHour);
```
輸出結果:
> localDateTime: 2020-06-11T11:13:44.979
>
> tomorrow: 2020-06-12T11:13:44.979
>
> nextHour: 2020-06-11T12:13:44.979
`LocalDateTime`還提供了新增年、周、分鐘、秒這些方法,這裡就不一一列舉了:
![](https://images.zwwhnly.com/picture/2020/06/snipaste_20200611_111631.png)
### 4.4 減少天數/小時
```java
LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println("localDateTime: " + localDateTime);
LocalDateTime yesterday = localDateTime.minusDays(1);
System.out.println("yesterday: " + yesterday);
LocalDateTime lastHour = localDateTime.minusHours(1);
System.out.println("lastHour: " + lastHour);
```
輸出結果:
> localDateTime: 2020-06-11T11:20:38.896
>
> yesterday: 2020-06-10T11:20:38.896
>
> lastHour: 2020-06-11T10:20:38.896
類似的,`LocalDateTime`還提供了減少年、周、分鐘、秒這些方法,這裡就不一一列舉了:
![](https://images.zwwhnly.com/picture/2020/06/snipaste_20200611_112257.png)
### 4.5 獲取時間是本週/本年的第幾天
```java
LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println("localDateTime: " + localDateTime);
System.out.println("DayOfWeek: " + localDateTime.getDayOfWeek().getValue());
System.out.println("DayOfYear: " + localDateTime.getDayOfYear());
```
輸出結果:
> localDateTime: 2020-06-11T11:32:31.731
>
> DayOfWeek: 4
>
> DayOfYear: 163
## 5. DateTimeFormatter
JDK8中推出了`java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter`來處理日期格式化問題,《阿里巴巴Java開發手冊》中也是建議使用`DateTimeFormatter`代替`SimpleDateFormat`。
### 5.1 格式化LocalDate
```java
LocalDate localDate = LocalDate.now();
System.out.println("ISO_DATE: " + localDate.format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE));
System.out.println("BASIC_ISO_DATE: " + localDate.format(DateTimeFormatter.BASIC_ISO_DATE));
System.out.println("ISO_WEEK_DATE: " + localDate.format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_WEEK_DATE));
System.out.println("ISO_ORDINAL_DATE: " + localDate.format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_ORDINAL_DATE));
```
輸出結果:
![](https://images.zwwhnly.com/picture/2020/06/snipaste_20200611_115406.png)
如果提供的格式無法滿足你的需求,你還可以像以前一樣自定義格式:
```java
LocalDate localDate = LocalDate.now();
System.out.println("yyyy/MM/dd: " + localDate.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy/MM/dd")));
```
輸出結果:
> yyyy/MM/dd: 2020/06/11
### 5.2 格式化LocalTime
```java
LocalTime localTime = LocalTime.now();
System.out.println(localTime);
System.out.println("ISO_TIME: " + localTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_TIME));
System.out.println("HH:mm:ss: " + localTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("HH:mm:ss")));
```
輸出結果:
> 14:28:35.230
>
> ISO_TIME: 14:28:35.23
>
> HH:mm:ss: 14:28:35
### 5.3 格式化LocalDateTime
```java
LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println(localDateTime);
System.out.println("ISO_DATE_TIME: " + localDateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE_TIME));
System.out.println("ISO_DATE: " + localDateTime.format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE));
```
輸出結果:
> 2020-06-11T14:33:18.303
>
> ISO_DATE_TIME: 2020-06-11T14:33:18.303
>
> ISO_DATE: 2020-06-11
## 6. 型別相互轉換
### 6.1 Instant轉Date
JDK8中,`Date`新增了`from()`方法,將`Instant`轉換為`Date`,程式碼如下所示:
```java
Instant instant = Instant.now();
System.out.println(instant);
Date dateFromInstant = Date.from(instant);
System.out.println(dateFromInstant);
```
輸出結果:
> 2020-06-11T06:39:34.979Z
>
> Thu Jun 11 14:39:34 CST 2020
### 6.2 Date轉Instant
JDK8中,`Date`新增了`toInstant`方法,將`Date`轉換為`Instant`,程式碼如下所示:
```java
Date date = new Date();
Instant dateToInstant = date.toInstant();
System.out.println(date);
System.out.println(dateToInstant);
```
輸出結果:
> Thu Jun 11 14:46:12 CST 2020
>
> 2020-06-11T06:46:12.112Z
### 6.3 Date轉LocalDateTime
```java
Date date = new Date();
Instant instant = date.toInstant();
LocalDateTime localDateTimeOfInstant = LocalDateTime.ofInstant(instant, ZoneId.systemDefault());
System.out.println(date);
System.out.println(localDateTimeOfInstant);
```
輸出結果:
> Thu Jun 11 14:51:07 CST 2020
>
> 2020-06-11T14:51:07.904
### 6.4 Date轉LocalDate
```java
Date date = new Date();
Instant instant = date.toInstant();
LocalDateTime localDateTimeOfInstant = LocalDateTime.ofInstant(instant, ZoneId.systemDefault());
LocalDate localDate = localDateTimeOfInstant.toLocalDate();
System.out.println(date);
System.out.println(localDate);
```
輸出結果:
> Thu Jun 11 14:59:38 CST 2020
>
> 2020-06-11
可以看出,`Date`是先轉換為`Instant`,再轉換為`LocalDateTime`,然後通過`LocalDateTime`獲取`LocalDate`。
### 6.5 Date轉LocalTime
```java
Date date = new Date();
Instant instant = date.toInstant();
LocalDateTime localDateTimeOfInstant = LocalDateTime.ofInstant(instant, ZoneId.systemDefault());
LocalTime toLocalTime = localDateTimeOfInstant.toLocalTime();
System.out.println(date);
System.out.println(toLocalTime);
```
輸出結果:
> Thu Jun 11 15:06:14 CST 2020
>
> 15:06:14.531
可以看出,`Date`是先轉換為`Instant`,再轉換為`LocalDateTime`,然後通過`LocalDateTime`獲取`LocalTime`。
### 6.6 LocalDateTime轉Date
```java
LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.now();
Instant toInstant = localDateTime.atZone(ZoneId.systemDefault()).toInstant();
Date dateFromInstant = Date.from(toInstant);
System.out.println(localDateTime);
System.out.println(dateFromInstant);
```
輸出結果:
> 2020-06-11T15:12:11.600
>
> Thu Jun 11 15:12:11 CST 2020
### 6.7 LocalDate轉Date
```java
LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
LocalDateTime localDateTime = localDate.atStartOfDay();
Instant toInstant = localDateTime.atZone(ZoneId.systemDefault()).toInstant();
Date dateFromLocalDate = Date.from(toInstant);
System.out.println(dateFromLocalDate);
```
輸出結果:
> Thu Jun 11 00:00:00 CST 2020
### 6.8 LocalTime轉Date
```java
LocalDate localDate = LocalDate.now();
LocalTime localTime = LocalTime.now();
LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.of(localDate, localTime);
Instant instantFromLocalTime = localDateTime.atZone(ZoneId.systemDefault()).toInstant();
Date dateFromLocalTime = Date.from(instantFromLocalTime);
System.out.println(dateFromLocalTime);
```
輸出結果:
> Thu Jun 11 15:24:18 CST 2020
## 7. 總結
JDK8推出了全新的日期時間類,如`Instant`、`LocaleDate`、`LocalTime`、`LocalDateTime`、`DateTimeFormatter`,設計比之前更合理,也是執行緒安全的。
《阿里巴巴Java開發規範》中也推薦使用`Instant`代替`Date`,`LocalDateTime` 代替 `Calendar`,`DateTimeFormatter` 代替 `SimpleDateFormat`。
因此,如果條件允許,建議在專案中使用,沒有使用的,可以考慮升級下。