Linux-mysql進階
阿新 • • 發佈：2020-12-28
Linux-mysql進階
mysql原始碼安裝
//下載原始碼包 [root@localhost ~]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/p/23/file/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz [root@localhost ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz //建立mysql使用者 [root@localhost ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin mysql [root@localhost ~]# id mysql uid=994(mysql) gid=991(mysql) groups=991(mysql) [root@localhost ~]# grep mysql /etc/group mysql:x:991: //解壓到/usr/local下 [root@localhost ~]# tar xf mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/[root@localhost ~]# ls /usr/local/ bin games lib libexec sbin src etc include lib64 mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 share //設定軟連結 [root@localhost ~]# ln -s /usr/local/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /usr/local/mysql [root@localhost ~]# ll /usr/local/ total 0 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 bin drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 etc drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 games drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 include drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 lib drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 lib64 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 libexec lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 46 Dec 28 18:35 mysql -> /usr/local/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 drwxr-xr-x. 9 7161 31415 129 Jun 2 2020 mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 sbin drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 49 Nov 16 18:43 share drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 src //設定所有者和所有組 [root@localhost ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql* [root@localhost ~]# ll /usr/local/ total 0 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 bin drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 etc drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 games drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 include drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 lib drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 lib64 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 libexec lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql 46 Dec 28 18:35 mysql -> /usr/local/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 drwxr-xr-x. 9 mysql mysql 129 Jun 2 2020 mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 sbin drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 49 Nov 16 18:43 share drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 src [root@localhost mysql]# ls bin docs include lib LICENSE man mysql README share support-files //設定環境變數 [root@localhost ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [root@localhost ~]# echo $PATH /usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin [root@localhost ~]# which mysql /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql //對映include [root@localhost mysql]# ln -s /usr/local/mysql/include /usr/include/mysql [root@localhost mysql]# ll total 288 drwxr-xr-x. 2 mysql mysql 4096 Jun 2 2020 bin drwxr-xr-x. 2 mysql mysql 55 Jun 2 2020 docs drwxr-xr-x. 3 mysql mysql 4096 Jun 2 2020 include drwxr-xr-x. 5 mysql mysql 205 Jun 2 2020 lib -rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 275393 Jun 2 2020 LICENSE drwxr-xr-x. 4 mysql mysql 30 Jun 2 2020 man lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 19 Dec 28 18:43 mysql -> /usr/include/mysql/ -rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 587 Jun 2 2020 README drwxr-xr-x. 28 mysql mysql 4096 Jun 2 2020 share drwxr-xr-x. 2 mysql mysql 90 Jun 2 2020 support-files //設定幫助文件 [root@localhost mysql]# vim /etc/man_db.conf MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/mysql/man //設定lib庫 [root@localhost mysql]# vim /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf /usr/local/mysql/lib [root@localhost mysql]# ldconfig //建立資料存放目錄 [root@localhost ~]# mkdir /opt/data [root@localhost ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data [root@localhost ~]# ll /opt/ total 0 drwxr-xr-x. 2 mysql mysql 6 Dec 28 18:51 data //初始化資料庫 [root@localhost ~]# mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data 2020-12-28T10:53:56.679439Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details). 2020-12-28T10:53:56.912979Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790 2020-12-28T10:53:56.964328Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables. 2020-12-28T10:53:57.029586Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: fbe8d2ec-48fa-11eb-a6f8-000c29f9ec35. 2020-12-28T10:53:57.030609Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened. 2020-12-28T10:53:57.732092Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed. 2020-12-28T10:53:58.076815Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: ,sWg3*=YF!ik //儲存臨時密碼 [root@localhost ~]# echo ',sWg3*=YF!ik' > pass [root@localhost ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz pass [root@localhost ~]# cat pass ,sWg3*=YF!ik //寫配置檔案 [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] basedir = /usr/local/mysql datadir = /opt/data socket = /tmp/mysql.sock port = 3306 pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid user = mysql skip-name-resolve //配置服務啟動指令碼 [root@localhost ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld [root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/init.d/mysqld -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10576 Dec 28 19:07 /etc/init.d/mysqld [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/init.d/mysqld basedir=/usr/local/mysql datadir=/opt/data //啟動mysql [root@localhost ~]# service mysqld start Starting MySQL.Logging to '/opt/data/localhost.localdomain.err'. SUCCESS! [root@localhost ~]# ss -antl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:* LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:* //修改密碼 [root@localhost ~]# cat pass sWg3*=YF!ik [root@localhost ~]# mysql -root -p',sWg3*=YF!ik' mysql: error while loading shared libraries: libncurses.so.5: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory //查詢是需要裝哪個依賴包 [root@localhost ~]# yum whatprovides libncurses.so.5 Updating Subscription Management repositories. Unable to read consumer identity This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register. Last metadata expiration check: 0:18:09 ago on Mon 28 Dec 2020 03:33:21 PM CST. ncurses-compat-libs-6.1-7.20180224.el8.i686 : Ncurses compatibility libraries Repo : BaseOS Matched from: Provide : libncurses.so.5 [root@localhost ~]# yum -y install ncurses-compat-libs //用臨時密碼登入 [root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p',sWg3*=YF!ik' mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 16 Server version: 5.7.31 Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. //設定新密碼 mysql> set password = password('123456'); Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) //設定開機自動啟動 [root@localhost ~]# chkconfig --add mysqld [root@localhost ~]# chkconfig mysqld on [root@localhost ~]# chkconfig --list Note: This output shows SysV services only and does not include native systemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by native systemd configuration. If you want to list systemd services use 'systemctl list-unit-files'. To see services enabled on particular target use 'systemctl list-dependencies [target]'. mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
mysql配置檔案
mysql的配置檔案為/etc/my.cnf
[root@localhost ~]# vim .my.cnf [client] user=root password=123456 [root@localhost ~]# mysql -e 'show databases;' +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ [root@localhost ~]# mysql Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 2 Server version: 5.7.31 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql>
mysql常用配置檔案引數：
| 引數 | 說明 |
|---|---|
| port = 3306 | 設定監聽埠 |
| socket = /tmp/mysql.sock | 指定套接字檔案位置 |
| basedir = /usr/local/mysql | 指定MySQL的安裝路徑 |
| datadir = /data/mysql | 指定MySQL的資料存放路徑 |
| pid-file = /data/mysql/mysql.pid | 指定程序ID檔案存放路徑 |
| user = mysql | 指定MySQL以什麼使用者的身份提供服務 |
| skip-name-resolve | 禁止MySQL對外部連線進行DNS解析 使用這一選項可以消除MySQL進行DNS解析的時間。 若開啟該選項，則所有遠端主機連線授權都要使用IP地址方 式否則MySQL將無法正常處理連線請求 |
mysql破解密碼步驟
1.改配置檔案
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
skip-grant-tables
2.重啟服務
[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS!
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!
3.登入資料庫並修改密碼
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> use mysql;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
mysql> show tables;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv |
| db |
| engine_cost |
| event |
| func |
| general_log |
| gtid_executed |
| help_category |
| help_keyword |
| help_relation |
| help_topic |
| innodb_index_stats |
| innodb_table_stats |
| ndb_binlog_index |
| plugin |
| proc |
| procs_priv |
| proxies_priv |
| server_cost |
| servers |
| slave_master_info |
| slave_relay_log_info |
| slave_worker_info |
| slow_log |
| tables_priv |
| time_zone |
| time_zone_leap_second |
| time_zone_name |
| time_zone_transition |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user |
+---------------------------+
31 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from user\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Host: localhost
User: root
Select_priv: Y
Insert_priv: Y
Update_priv: Y
Delete_priv: Y
Create_priv: Y
Drop_priv: Y
Reload_priv: Y
Shutdown_priv: Y
Process_priv: Y
File_priv: Y
Grant_priv: Y
References_priv: Y
Index_priv: Y
Alter_priv: Y
Show_db_priv: Y
Super_priv: Y
Create_tmp_table_priv: Y
Lock_tables_priv: Y
Execute_priv: Y
Repl_slave_priv: Y
Repl_client_priv: Y
Create_view_priv: Y
Show_view_priv: Y
Create_routine_priv: Y
Alter_routine_priv: Y
Create_user_priv: Y
Event_priv: Y
Trigger_priv: Y
Create_tablespace_priv: Y
ssl_type:
ssl_cipher:
x509_issuer:
x509_subject:
max_questions: 0
max_updates: 0
max_connections: 0
max_user_connections: 0
plugin: mysql_native_password
authentication_string: *6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9
password_expired: N
password_last_changed: 2020-12-28 19:26:13
password_lifetime: NULL
account_locked: N
*************************** 2. row ***************************
Host: localhost
User: mysql.session
Select_priv: N
Insert_priv: N
Update_priv: N
Delete_priv: N
Create_priv: N
Drop_priv: N
Reload_priv: N
Shutdown_priv: N
Process_priv: N
File_priv: N
Grant_priv: N
References_priv: N
Index_priv: N
Alter_priv: N
Show_db_priv: N
Super_priv: Y
Create_tmp_table_priv: N
Lock_tables_priv: N
Execute_priv: N
Repl_slave_priv: N
Repl_client_priv: N
Create_view_priv: N
Show_view_priv: N
Create_routine_priv: N
Alter_routine_priv: N
Create_user_priv: N
Event_priv: N
Trigger_priv: N
Create_tablespace_priv: N
ssl_type:
ssl_cipher:
x509_issuer:
x509_subject:
max_questions: 0
max_updates: 0
max_connections: 0
max_user_connections: 0
plugin: mysql_native_password
authentication_string: *THISISNOTAVALIDPASSWORDTHATCANBEUSEDHERE
password_expired: N
password_last_changed: 2020-12-28 18:53:58
password_lifetime: NULL
account_locked: Y
*************************** 3. row ***************************
Host: localhost
User: mysql.sys
Select_priv: N
Insert_priv: N
Update_priv: N
Delete_priv: N
Create_priv: N
Drop_priv: N
Reload_priv: N
Shutdown_priv: N
Process_priv: N
File_priv: N
Grant_priv: N
References_priv: N
Index_priv: N
Alter_priv: N
Show_db_priv: N
Super_priv: N
Create_tmp_table_priv: N
Lock_tables_priv: N
Execute_priv: N
Repl_slave_priv: N
Repl_client_priv: N
Create_view_priv: N
Show_view_priv: N
Create_routine_priv: N
Alter_routine_priv: N
Create_user_priv: N
Event_priv: N
Trigger_priv: N
Create_tablespace_priv: N
ssl_type:
ssl_cipher:
x509_issuer:
x509_subject:
max_questions: 0
max_updates: 0
max_connections: 0
max_user_connections: 0
plugin: mysql_native_password
authentication_string: *THISISNOTAVALIDPASSWORDTHATCANBEUSEDHERE
password_expired: N
password_last_changed: 2020-12-28 18:53:58
password_lifetime: NULL
account_locked: Y
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update user set authentication_string=password('654321') where User='root' and Host='localhost';
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 1
mysql> quit
Bye
4.修改配置檔案，刪除skip-grant-tables
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
刪除skip-grant-tables
5.重啟服務
[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS!
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!
6.驗證密碼是否修改成功
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p654321
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.31 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
mysql資料庫備份與恢復
資料庫常用備份方案
資料庫備份方案：
- 全量備份
- 增量備份
- 差異備份
| 備份方案 | 特點 |
|---|---|
| 全量備份 | 全量備份就是指對某一個時間點上的所有資料或應用進行的一個完全拷貝。 資料恢復快。 備份時間長 |
| 增量備份 | 增量備份是指在一次全備份或上一次增量備份後，以後每次的備份只需備份 與前一次相比增加和者被修改的檔案。這就意味著，第一次增量備份的物件 是進行全備後所產生的增加和修改的檔案；第二次增量備份的物件是進行第一次增量 備份後所產生的增加和修改的檔案，如此類推。 沒有重複的備份資料 備份時間短 恢復資料時必須按一定的順序進行 |
| 差異備份 | 備份上一次的完全備份後發生變化的所有檔案。 差異備份是指在一次全備份後到進行差異備份的這段時間內 對那些增加或者修改檔案的備份。在進行恢復時，我們只需對第一次全量備份和最後一次差異備份進行恢復。 |
mysql備份工具mysqldump
//準備工作
mysql> create datebase school;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'datebase school' at line 1
mysql> create database school;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> use school;
Database changed
mysql> create table student(id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(50),age tinyint);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> insert student(name,age) values('tom',20),('jerry',15),('tom',23);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 15 |
| 3 | tom | 23 |
+----+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_school |
+------------------+
| student |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
//備份所有資料庫
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p654321 --all-databases > all.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost ~]# ls
all.sql anaconda-ks.cfg mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz pass
[root@localhost ~]# file all.sql
all.sql: UTF-8 Unicode text, with very long lines
//不小心刪除資料庫
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p654321 -e 'drop database school;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p654321 -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
//恢復資料庫
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p654321 < all.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p654321 -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| school |
| sys |
+--------------------+
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p654321 -e 'select * from school.student;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+----+-------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 15 |
| 3 | tom | 23 |
+----+-------+------+