1、現象

　　增強for迴圈中進行remove、add會報ConcurrentModificationException

2、原理

• 增強for迴圈其實是交給iterator來完成增刪改查的
• 看下iterator的程式碼，如下

/**
     * An optimized version of AbstractList.Itr
     */
    private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
        int cursor;       // index of next element to return
        int lastRet = -1; //
 
 index of last element returned; -1 if no such
        int expectedModCount = modCount;

        Itr() {}

        public boolean hasNext() {
            return cursor != size;
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public E next() {
            checkForComodification(); //這邊報錯
            
 
int i = cursor;
            if (i >= size)
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
            if (i >= elementData.length)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            cursor = i + 1;
            
 
return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
        }

final void checkForComodification() {
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }

因為remove 或者add 的時候會改變modCount的值，導致會報ConcurrentModificationException，remove 和 add程式碼如下：

    /*
     * Private remove method that skips bounds checking and does not
     * return the value removed.
     */
    private void fastRemove(int index) {
        modCount++;
        int numMoved = size - index - 1;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                             numMoved);
        elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
    }

    public boolean add(E e) {
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
        elementData[size++] = e;
        return true;
    }

    private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        modCount++;

        // overflow-conscious code
        if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
            grow(minCapacity);
    }

3、特殊現象

　　增強for迴圈當刪除倒數第二個元素的時候不會報錯。

　　原因：比如一個list有四個元素{1，2，3，4}，此時cursor是3，remove過後size也是3，cursor != size就是false，下面程式碼不走，進不到next()中就不會報錯。

 /**
     * An optimized version of AbstractList.Itr
     */
    private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
        int cursor;       // index of next element to return
        int lastRet = -1; // index of last element returned; -1 if no such
        int expectedModCount = modCount;

        Itr() {}

        public boolean hasNext() {
            return cursor != size;
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public E next() {
            checkForComodification();
            int i = cursor;
            if (i >= size)
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
            if (i >= elementData.length)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            cursor = i + 1;
            return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
        }

        public void remove() {
            if (lastRet < 0)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            checkForComodification();

            try {
                ArrayList.this.remove(lastRet);
                cursor = lastRet;
                lastRet = -1;
                expectedModCount = modCount;
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }

測試程式碼：

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
        list.add(1);
        list.add(2);
        list.add(3);
        list.add(4);


        for (Integer temp : list) {
            System.out.println(temp);
            if (temp == 3) {
                list.remove(temp);
            }
        }
    }
}

"C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_192\bin\...1
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Process finished with exit code 0