etcd raft library設計原理和使用
早在2013年11月份,在raft論文還只能在網上下載到草稿版時,我曾經寫過一篇blog對其進行簡要分析。4年過去了,各種raft協議的講解鋪天蓋地,raft也確實得到了廣泛的應用。其中最知名的應用莫過於etcd。etcd將raft協議本身實現為一個library,位於https://github.com/coreos/etcd/tree/master/raft,然後本身作為一個應用使用它。
本文不講解raft協議核心內容,而是站在一個etcd raft library使用者的角度,講解要用上這個library需要了解的東西。
這個library使用起來相對來說還是有點麻煩。官方有一個使用示例在 https://github.com/coreos/etcd/tree/master/contrib/raftexample。整體來說,這個庫實現了raft協議核心的內容,比如append log的邏輯,選主邏輯,snapshot,成員變更等邏輯。需要明確的是:library沒有實現消息的網絡傳輸和接收,庫只會把一些待發送的消息保存在內存中,用戶自定義的網絡傳輸層取出消息並發送出去,並且在網絡接收端,需要調一個library的函數,用於將收到的消息傳入library,後面會詳細說明。同時,library定義了一個Storage接口,需要library的使用者自行實現。
Storage接口如下:
// Storage is an interface that may be implemented by the application// to retrieve log entries from storage.//// If any Storage method returns an error, the raft instance will// become inoperable and refuse to participate in elections; the// application is responsible for cleanup and recovery in this case.type Storage interface { // InitialState returns the saved HardState and ConfState information. InitialState() (pb.HardState, pb.ConfState, error) // Entries returns a slice of log entries in the range [lo,hi). // MaxSize limits the total size of the log entries returned, but // Entries returns at least one entry if any. Entries(lo, hi, maxSize uint64) ([]pb.Entry, error) // Term returns the term of entry i, which must be in the range // [FirstIndex()-1, LastIndex()]. The term of the entry before // FirstIndex is retained for matching purposes even though the // rest of that entry may not be available. Term(i uint64) (uint64, error) // LastIndex returns the index of the last entry in the log. LastIndex() (uint64, error) // FirstIndex returns the index of the first log entry that is // possibly available via Entries (older entries have been incorporated // into the latest Snapshot; if storage only contains the dummy entry the // first log entry is not available). FirstIndex() (uint64, error) // Snapshot returns the most recent snapshot. // If snapshot is temporarily unavailable, it should return ErrSnapshotTemporarilyUnavailable, // so raft state machine could know that Storage needs some time to prepare // snapshot and call Snapshot later. Snapshot() (pb.Snapshot, error) }
這些接口在library中會被用到。熟悉raft協議的人不難理解。上面提到的官方示例https://github.com/coreos/etcd/tree/master/contrib/raftexample中使用了library自帶的MemoryStorage,和etcd的wal和snap包做持久化,重啟的時候從wal和snap中獲取日誌恢復MemoryStorage。
要提供這種IO/網絡密集型的東西,提高吞吐最好的手段就是batch加批處理了。etcd raft library正是這麽做的。
下面看一下為了做這事,etcd提供的核心抽象Ready結構體:
// Ready encapsulates the entries and messages that are ready to read,// be saved to stable storage, committed or sent to other peers.// All fields in Ready are read-only.type Ready struct { // The current volatile state of a Node. // SoftState will be nil if there is no update. // It is not required to consume or store SoftState. *SoftState // The current state of a Node to be saved to stable storage BEFORE // Messages are sent. // HardState will be equal to empty state if there is no update. pb.HardState // ReadStates can be used for node to serve linearizable read requests locally // when its applied index is greater than the index in ReadState. // Note that the readState will be returned when raft receives msgReadIndex. // The returned is only valid for the request that requested to read. ReadStates []ReadState // Entries specifies entries to be saved to stable storage BEFORE // Messages are sent. Entries []pb.Entry // Snapshot specifies the snapshot to be saved to stable storage. Snapshot pb.Snapshot // CommittedEntries specifies entries to be committed to a // store/state-machine. These have previously been committed to stable // store. CommittedEntries []pb.Entry // Messages specifies outbound messages to be sent AFTER Entries are // committed to stable storage. // If it contains a MsgSnap message, the application MUST report back to raft // when the snapshot has been received or has failed by calling ReportSnapshot. Messages []pb.Message // MustSync indicates whether the HardState and Entries must be synchronously // written to disk or if an asynchronous write is permissible. MustSync bool}
可以說,這個Ready結構體封裝了一批更新,這些更新包括:
pb.HardState: 包含當前節點見過的最大的term,以及在這個term給誰投過票,已經當前節點知道的commit index
Messages: 需要廣播給所有peers的消息
CommittedEntries:已經commit了,還沒有apply到狀態機的日誌
Snapshot:需要持久化的快照
庫的使用者從node結構體提供的一個ready channel中不斷的pop出一個個的Ready進行處理,庫使用者通過如下方法拿到Ready channel:
func (n *node) Ready() <-chan Ready { return n.readyc }
應用需要對Ready的處理包括:
將HardState, Entries, Snapshot持久化到storage。
將Messages(上文提到的msgs)非阻塞的廣播給其他peers
將CommittedEntries(已經commit還沒有apply)應用到狀態機。
如果發現CommittedEntries中有成員變更類型的entry,調用node的ApplyConfChange()方法讓node知道(這裏和raft論文不一樣,論文中只要節點收到了成員變更日誌就應用)
調用Node.Advance()告訴raft node,這批狀態更新處理完了,狀態已經演進了,可以給我下一批Ready讓我處理。
應用通過raft.StartNode()來啟動raft中的一個副本,函數內部通過啟動一個goroutine運行
func (n *node) run(r *raft)
來啟動服務。
應用通過調用
func (n *node) Propose(ctx context.Context, data []byte) error
來Propose一個請求給raft,被raft開始處理後返回。
增刪節點通過調用
func (n *node) ProposeConfChange(ctx context.Context, cc pb.ConfChange) error
node結構體包含幾個重要的channel:
// node is the canonical implementation of the Node interfacetype node struct { propc chan pb.Message recvc chan pb.Message confc chan pb.ConfChange confstatec chan pb.ConfState readyc chan Ready advancec chan struct{} tickc chan struct{} done chan struct{} stop chan struct{} status chan chan Status logger Logger }
propc: propc是一個沒有buffer的channel,應用通過Propose接口寫入的請求被封裝成Message被push到propc中,node的run方法從propc中pop出Message,append自己的raft log中,並且將Message放入mailbox中(raft結構體中的msgs []pb.Message),這個msgs會被封裝在Ready中,被應用從readyc中取出來,然後通過應用自定義的transport發送出去。
recvc: 應用自定義的transport在收到Message後需要調用
func (n *node) Step(ctx context.Context, m pb.Message) error
來把Message放入recvc中,經過一些處理後,同樣,會把需要發送的Message放入到對應peers的mailbox中。後續通過自定義transport發送出去。
readyc/advancec: readyc和advancec都是沒有buffer的channel,node.run()內部把相關的一些狀態更新打包成Ready結構體(其中一種狀態就是上面提到的msgs)放入readyc中。應用從readyc中pop出Ready中,對相應的狀態進行處理,處理完成後,調用
rc.node.Advance()
往advancec中push一個空結構體告訴raft,已經對這批Ready包含的狀態進行了相應的處理,node.run()內部從advancec中得到通知後,對內部一些狀態進行處理,比如把已經持久化到storage中的entries從內存(對應type unstable struct)中刪除等。
tickc:應用定期往tickc中push空結構體,node.run()會調用tick()函數,對於leader來說,tick()會給其他peers發心跳,對於follower來說,會檢查是否需要發起選主操作。
confc/confstatec:應用從Ready中拿出CommittedEntries,檢查其如果含有成員變更類型的日誌,則需要調用
func (n *node) ApplyConfChange(cc pb.ConfChange) *pb.ConfState
這個函數會push ConfChange到confc中,confc同樣是個無buffer的channel,node.run()內部會從confc中拿出ConfChange,然後進行真正的增減peers操作,之後將最新的成員組push到confstatec中,而ApplyConfChange函數從confstatec pop出最新的成員組返回給應用。
etcd raft library設計原理和使用