nginx實現動態/靜態檔案快取-技術流ken
阿新 • • 發佈：2018-12-13
1.簡介
本系列博文將分為三大部分，這是第一部分。分別介紹nginx的動態以及靜態檔案的快取，使用nginx實現反向代理，以及nginx實現負載均衡。相信在讀完本篇博文之後，你會對nginx強大的應用功能驚歎不已，並且深深的愛上這款輕量級web服務程式。
2.nginx實現靜態檔案快取實戰
1.nginx靜態檔案快取
如果要熟練使用nginx來實現檔案的快取，那下面的幾個指令你必須要牢記於心
指令1：proxy_cache_path
作用：設定快取資料的相關資訊 Syntax: proxy_cache_path path [levels=levels] [use_temp_path=on|off] keys_zone=name:size [inactive=time] [max_size=size] [manager_files=number] [manager_sleep=time] [manager_threshold=time] [loader_files=number] [loader_sleep=time] [loader_threshold=time] [purger=on|off] [purger_files=number] [purger_sleep=time] [purger_threshold=time]; Default: — Context: http 值： path：快取目錄的位置 levels：指定使用幾級快取目錄 keys_zone：指定快取區域的名稱和快取空間的大小 例子： proxy_cache_path/data/nginx/cache levels=1:4 keys_zone=mycache:10m; 說明 1：表示一級目錄可以由1個字元來構成 4：表示二級目錄可以由4個字元來構成 mycache：是這個快取區域的名稱 10m：可以快取10M大小的資料 快取結果 /data/nginx/cache/c/29ad/b7f54b2df7773722d382f4809d65029c 說明 /data/nginx/cache/：這裡是快取目錄 c：因為一級目錄可以由1個字元構成，所有這裡隨機出現一個c 29ad：二級目錄由4個隨機字元構成 b7f54b2df7773722d382f4809d65029c：快取的資料
指令2：proxy_cache
作用：呼叫快取 Syntax: proxy_cache zone | off; Default: proxy_cache off; Context: http, server, location 注意： 該指令寫在不同的位置，快取資料物件也不同
指令3：proxy_cache_min_uses
作用：指定一個檔案至少需要被使用者訪問多少次以後，才會被快取，預設1 Syntax: proxy_cache_min_uses number; Default: proxy_cache_min_uses1; Context: http, server, location
指令4：proxy_cache_purge
Syntax: proxy_cache_purge string ...; Default: — Context: http, server, location 使用場景：上游伺服器中的資源發生了更改，但是快取中的資料尚未過去，這個時候就需要手動執行purge讓快取中的資料過去 使用舉例： http { proxy_cache_path /data/nginx/cache levels=1:4 keys_zone=mycache:10m; server { listen 10.220.5.196:80; location / { proxy_pass http://10.220.5.180:80: proxy_cache mycache; .... .... } location = /cleanCache { allow= deny= proxy_cache_purge mycache; #這裡需要指定上面定義的快取名稱 ... ... ... } } }
指令5：proxy_cache_valid
作用：定義快取資料的有效期 Syntax: proxy_cache_valid [code ...] time; Default: — Context: http, server, location 例子： proxy_cache_valid 200 302 10m; proxy_cache_valid 301 1h; proxy_cache_valid any 1m;
指令6：proxy_cache_key
作用：指定快取的key的名稱 Syntax: proxy_cache_key string; Default: proxy_cache_key $scheme$proxy_host$request_uri; Context: http, server, location 例子： proxy_cache_key "$host$request_uri $cookie_user"; proxy_cache_key "$uri"
2.nginx實現快取配置
1.環境準備
centos7.5
NGINX伺服器端IP:172.20.10.8/28
HTTPD伺服器端IP:172.20.10.7/28
HTTPD伺服器端IP:172.20.10.9/28
客戶端IP:172.20.10.4/28
2.nginx伺服器端
使用yum下載nginx需要使用網路yum源，複製下面的程式碼到你的yum倉庫即可下載
[ken] name=ken enabled=1 gpgcheck=0 baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7Server/x86_64/
下載nginx
[[email protected] ~]# yum install nginx -y
配置nginx檔案
# For more information on configuration, see: # * Official English Documentation: http://nginx.org/en/docs/ # * Official Russian Documentation: http://nginx.org/ru/docs/ user nginx; worker_processes auto; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; pid /run/nginx.pid; # Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic. include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main; sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; keepalive_timeout 65; types_hash_max_size 2048; include /etc/nginx/mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; # Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory. # See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include # for more information. #include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; proxy_cache_path /ken levels=1:2 keys_zone=kenken:100m; add_header host $server_addr; add_header cachestatus $upstream_cache_status; server { listen 80 default_server; listen [::]:80 default_server; server_name _; root /var/www/html; # Load configuration files for the default server block. # include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf; location / { proxy_pass http://172.20.10.7:80; proxy_set_header host $host; proxy_set_header realip $remote_addr; proxy_cache kenken; proxy_cache_min_uses 3; proxy_cache_valid any 10m; } } }
建立快取目錄
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /ken
更改快取目錄的屬主和屬組
[[email protected] ~]# chown -R nginx.nginx /ken
啟動nignx
[[email protected] ~]# systemctl start nginx [[email protected] ~]# ss -tnl | grep 80 LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:* LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::*
3.配置web服務端
下載httpd
[[email protected] ~]# yum install httpd -y
準備測試檔案
[[email protected] ~]# echo "this is 172.20.10.7 for test">>/var/www/html/index.html
啟動httpd
[[email protected] ~]# systemctl restart httpd
4.瀏覽器測試
輸入nginx伺服器端的IP地址
輸入172.20.10.8的地址成功訪問172.20.10.7的頁面
檢視web伺服器端的訪問日誌
[[email protected] ~]# tail -f /var/log/httpd/access_log 172.20.10.8 - - [02/Oct/2018:22:40:43 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 29 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36"
成功捕捉到來自172.20.10.8的訪問請求
我們去檢視nginx服務端是否已經有快取產生
[[email protected] /]# ls /ken/e/55/58be92261b4ffa2c4fe7e92be2f0255e
測試成功！
在nginx伺服器端已經產生了快取，再次重新整理瀏覽器介面，在web伺服器端都不會再產生訪問日誌，因為現在客戶請求是直接從快取提取的，沒有再往後方節點來訪問檔案，這樣可以大大提高網站的負載和併發能力。
3.nginx實現動態檔案快取實戰
在完成了上面的靜態檔案快取之後，相信動態檔案的快取對你來說也是輕而易舉了，下面我們一鼓作氣完成對動態檔案的快取吧。
1.環境準備
centos7.5
NGINX伺服器端IP:172.20.10.8/28
WEB伺服器端IP:172.20.10.9/28
2.配置nginx伺服器端
下載php
[[email protected] ~]# yum install php php-fpm -y
配置nginx檔案
# For more information on configuration, see: # * Official English Documentation: http://nginx.org/en/docs/ # * Official Russian Documentation: http://nginx.org/ru/docs/ user nginx; worker_processes auto; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; pid /run/nginx.pid; # Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic. include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main; sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; keepalive_timeout 65; types_hash_max_size 2048; include /etc/nginx/mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; # Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory. # See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include # for more information. #include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; fastcgi_cache_path /kenken levels=1:2 keys_zone=kenken:100m; add_header host $server_addr; add_header cachestatus $upstream_cache_status; server { listen 80 default_server; listen [::]:80 default_server; server_name _; root /var/www/html; index index.php; # Load configuration files for the default server block. # include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf; location ~^/.*(\.php)$ { fastcgi_pass 172.20.10.9:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; include fastcgi.conf; fastcgi_cache kenken; fastcgi_cache_valid any 10m; fastcgi_cache_key $request_uri; } } }
建立快取目錄，並修改許可權
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /kenken [[email protected] ~]# chown -R nginx.nginx /kenken
nginx語法檢測
[[email protected] ~]# nginx -t nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
啟動nginx
[[email protected] ~]# systemctl restart nginx
3.配置web伺服器端
下載所需服務程式
[[email protected] ~]# yum install httpd php-fpm php -y
配置php-fpm
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf ... 10 ; '/path/to/unix/socket' - to listen on a unix socket. 11 ; Note: This value is mandatory. 12 listen = 172.20.10.9:9000 #修改為本機ip地址 13 14 ; Set listen(2) backlog. A value of '-1' means unlimited. 15 ; Default Value: -1 16 ;listen.backlog = -1 17 18 ; List of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients which are allowed to connect. 19 ; Equivalent to the FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment variable in the original 20 ; PHP FCGI (5.2.2+). Makes sense only with a tcp listening socket. Each address 21 ; must be separated by a comma. If this value is left blank, connections will be 22 ; accepted from any ip address. 23 ; Default Value: any 24 listen.allowed_clients = 172.20.10.8 #修改為nginx服務端地址 ...
啟動php-fpm
[[email protected] ~]# systemctl restart php-fpm [[email protected] ~]# ss -tnl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 172.20.10.9:9000 *:*
準備動態測試檔案
[[email protected] ~]# cd /var/www/html/ [[email protected] html]# ls index.html [[email protected] html]# vim test.php <?php phpinfo(); ?>
瀏覽器輸入nginx服務端ip地址進行測試
訪問成功，重新整理幾次檢視nginx是否已經產生快取
[[email protected] ~]# ls /kenken/ 1/ b/ e/ [[email protected] ~]# ls /kenken/b/fe/c86156f7dcfecf44876ca30d1bac7feb
動態檔案快取成功！