在許多應用中，資料可能分散在許多檔案或資料庫中，儲存的形式也不不利利於分析，應採用聚
合、合併、重塑資料的方法進行處理。

一、層次化索引

層次化索引（hierarchical indexing）是pandas的一項重要功能，它使你能在一個軸上擁有多
個（兩個以上）索引級別。

In [9]: data = pd.Series(np.random.randn(9),
...: index=[['a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'd', 'd'],
...: [1, 2, 3, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3]])
In [10]: data
Out[10]:
a 1 -0.204708
2 0.478943
3 -0.519439
b 1 -0.555730
3 1.965781
c 1 1.393406
2 0.092908
d 2 0.281746
3 0.769023
dtype: float64
In [12]: data['b']
Out[12]:
1 -0.555730
3 1.965781
dtype: float64
In [13]: data['b':'c']
Out[13]:
b 1 -0.555730
3 1.965781
c 1 1.393406
2 0.092908
dtype: float64
In [14]: data.loc[['b', 'd']]
Out[14]:
b 1 -0.555730
3 1.965781
d 2 0.281746
3 0.769023
dtype: float64
 

“內層”中進行選取

In [15]: data.loc[:, 2]
Out[15]:
a 0.478943
c 0.092908
d 0.281746
dtype: float64
In [16]: data.unstack()
Out[16]:
1 2 3
a -0.204708 0.478943 -0.519439
b -0.555730 NaN 1.965781
c 1.393406 0.092908 NaN
d NaN 0.281746 0.769023

unstack的逆運算是stack

In [17]: data.unstack().stack()
Out[17]:
a 1 -0.204708
2 0.478943
3 -0.519439
b 1 -0.555730
3 1.965781
c 1 1.393406
2 0.092908
d 2 0.281746
3 0.769023
dtype: float64
 

對於一個DataFrame，每條軸都可以有分層索引

In [18]: frame = pd.DataFrame(np.arange(12).reshape((4, 3)),
....: index=[['a', 'a', 'b', 'b'], [1, 2, 1, 2]],
....: columns=[['Ohio', 'Ohio', 'Colorado'],
....: ['Green', 'Red', 'Green']])
In [19]: frame
Out[19]:
Ohio Colorado
Green Red Green
a 1 0 1 2
2 3 4 5
b 1 6 7 8
2 9 10 11
In [20]: frame.index.names = ['key1', 'key2']
In [21]: frame.columns.names = ['state', 'color']
In [22]: frame
Out[22]:
state Ohio Colorado
color Green Red Green
key1 key2
a 1 0 1 2
2 3 4 5
b 1 6 7 8
2 9 10 11
 

有了部分列索引，因此可以輕鬆選取列分組

In [23]: frame['Ohio']
Out[23]:
color Green Red
key1 key2
a 1 0 1
2 3 4
b 1 6 7
2 9 10

二、重排與分級排序

調整某條軸上各級別的順序

In [24]: frame.swaplevel('key1', 'key2')
Out[24]:
state Ohio Colorado
color Green Red Green
key2 key1
1 a 0 1 2
2 a 3 4 5
1 b 6 7 8
2 b 9 10 11

而sort_index則根據單個級別中的值對資料進行排序。交換級別時，常常也會用到
sort_index，這樣最終結果就是按照指定順序進行字母排序了

In [25]: frame.sort_index(level=1)
Out[25]:
state Ohio Colorado
color Green Red Green
key1 key2
a 1 0 1 2
b 1 6 7 8
a 2 3 4 5
b 2 9 10 11
In [26]: frame.swaplevel(0, 1).sort_index(level=0)
Out[26]:
state Ohio Colorado
color Green Red Green
key2 key1
1 a 0 1 2
b 6 7 8
2 a 3 4 5
b 9 10 11

根據級別彙總統計

對DataFrame和Series的描述和彙總統計都有⼀一個level選項，它⽤用於指定在某條軸上求和的級
別。
In [27]: frame.sum(level='key2')
Out[27]:
state Ohio Colorado
color Green Red Green
key2
1 6 8 10
2 12 14 16
In [28]: frame.sum(level='color', axis=1)
Out[28]:
color Green Red
key1 key2
a 1 2 1
2 8 4
b 1 14 7
2 20 10

三、使用DataFrame的列進行索引

將DataFrame的一個或多個列當做行索引來用，或者可能希望將行索引變成DataFrame的列

In [29]: frame = pd.DataFrame({'a': range(7), 'b': range(7, 0, -1),
....: 'c': ['one', 'one', 'one', 'two', 'two',
....: 'two', 'two'],
....: 'd': [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 3]})
In [30]: frame
Out[30]:
a b c d
0 0 7 one 0
1 1 6 one 1
2 2 5 one 2
3 3 4 two 0
4 4 3 two 1
5 5 2 two 2
6 6 1 two 3
In [31]: frame2 = frame.set_index(['c', 'd'])
In [32]: frame2
Out[32]:
a b
c d
one 0 0 7
1 1 6
2 2 5
two 0 3 4
1 4 3
2 5 2
3 6 1

預設情況下，那些列列會從DataFrame中移除，但也可以將其保留下來

In [33]: frame.set_index(['c', 'd'], drop=False)
Out[33]:
a b c d
c d
one 0 0 7 one 0
1 1 6 one 1
2 2 5 one 2
two 0 3 4 two 0
1 4 3 two 1
2 5 2 two 2
3 6 1 two 3
reset_index的功能跟set_index剛好相反，層次化索引的級別會被轉移到列列⾥裡里⾯面
In [34]: frame2.reset_index()
Out[34]:
c d a b
0 one 0 0 7
1 one 1 1 6
2 one 2 2 5
3 two 0 3 4
4 two 1 4 3
5 two 2 5 2
6 two 3 6 1

四、合併資料集

1.pandas物件中的資料可以通過一些方式進行合併

(1)pandas.merge可根據一個或多個鍵將不不同DataFrame中的行連線起來。SQL或其他關係型資料庫的使用者對此應該會比較熟悉，因為它實現的就是資料庫的join操作。
(2)pandas.concat可以沿著一條軸將多個物件堆疊到一起。
(3)例項方法combine_first可以將重複資料拼接在一起，用一個物件中的填充另一個物件中的缺失值

2.資料庫風格的DataFrame合併

資料集的合併（merge）或連線（join）運算是通過一個或多個鍵將行連線起來的

In [35]: df1 = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['b', 'b', 'a', 'c', 'a', 'a', 'b'],
....: 'data1': range(7)})
In [36]: df2 = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['a', 'b', 'd'],
....: 'data2': range(3)})
In [37]: df1
Out[37]:
data1 key
0 0 b
1 1 b
2 2 a
3 3 c
4 4 a
5 5 a
6 6 b
In [38]: df2
Out[38]:
data2 key
0 0 a
1 1 b
2 2 d

這是一種多對一的合併

In [39]: pd.merge(df1, df2)
Out[39]:
data1 key data2
0 0 b 1
1 1 b 1
2 6 b 1
3 2 a 0
4 4 a 0
5 5 a 0

沒有指明要用哪個列進行連線。如果沒有指定，merge就會將重疊列列的列列名當做鍵。最好明確
指定一下

In [40]: pd.merge(df1, df2, on='key')
Out[40]:
data1 key data2
0 0 b 1
1 1 b 1
2 6 b 1
3 2 a 0
4 4 a 0
5 5 a 0

如果兩個物件的列名不不同，也可以分別進行指定

In [41]: df3 = pd.DataFrame({'lkey': ['b', 'b', 'a', 'c', 'a', 'a', 'b'],
....: 'data1': range(7)})
In [42]: df4 = pd.DataFrame({'rkey': ['a', 'b', 'd'],
....: 'data2': range(3)})
In [43]: pd.merge(df3, df4, left_on='lkey', right_on='rkey')
Out[43]:
data1 lkey data2 rkey
0 0 b 1 b
1 1 b 1 b
2 6 b 1 b
3 2 a 0 a
4 4 a 0 a
5 5 a 0 a

結果里面c和d以及與之相關的資料消失了了。預設情況下，merge做的是“內連線”；結果中的鍵
是交集。其他⽅方式還有”left”、”right”以及”outer”。外連線求取的是鍵的並集，組合了了左連線
和右連線的效果

In [44]: pd.merge(df1, df2, how='outer')
Out[44]:
data1 key data2
0 0.0 b 1.0
1 1.0 b 1.0
2 6.0 b 1.0
3 2.0 a 0.0
4 4.0 a 0.0
5 5.0 a 0.0
6 3.0 c NaN
7 NaN d 2.0

多對多的合併

In [45]: df1 = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['b', 'b', 'a', 'c', 'a', 'b'],
....: 'data1': range(6)})
In [46]: df2 = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['a', 'b', 'a', 'b', 'd'],
....: 'data2': range(5)})
In [47]: df1
Out[47]:
data1 key
0 0 b
1 1 b
2 2 a
3 3 c
4 4 a
5 5 b
In [48]: df2
Out[48]:
data2 key
0 0 a
1 1 b
2 2 a
3 3 b
4 4 d
In [49]: pd.merge(df1, df2, on='key', how='left')
Out[49]:
data1 key data2
0 0 b 1.0
1 0 b 3.0
2 1 b 1.0
3 1 b 3.0
4 2 a 0.0
5 2 a 2.0
6 3 c NaN
7 4 a 0.0
8 4 a 2.0
9 5 b 1.0
10 5 b 3.0

多對多連線，由於左邊的DataFrame有3個”b”行，右邊的有2個，所以最終結果中就有6
個”b”行

In [50]: pd.merge(df1, df2, how='inner')
Out[50]:
data1 key data2
0 0 b 1
1 0 b 3
2 1 b 1
3 1 b 3
4 5 b 1
5 5 b 3
6 2 a 0
7 2 a 2
8 4 a 0
9 4 a 2

根據多個鍵進行合併

In [51]: left = pd.DataFrame({'key1': ['foo', 'foo', 'bar'],
....: 'key2': ['one', 'two', 'one'],
....: 'lval': [1, 2, 3]})
In [52]: right = pd.DataFrame({'key1': ['foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'bar'],
....: 'key2': ['one', 'one', 'one', 'two'],
....: 'rval': [4, 5, 6, 7]})
In [53]: pd.merge(left, right, on=['key1', 'key2'], how='outer')
Out[53]:
key1 key2 lval rval
0 foo one 1.0 4.0
1 foo one 1.0 5.0
2 foo two 2.0 NaN
3 bar one 3.0 6.0
4 bar two NaN 7.0

重複列名的處理

In [54]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key1')
Out[54]:
key1 key2_x lval key2_y rval
0 foo one 1 one 4
1 foo one 1 one 5
2 foo two 2 one 4
3 foo two 2 one 5
4 bar one 3 one 6
5 bar one 3 two 7
In [55]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key1', suffixes=('_left', '_right'))
Out[55]:
key1 key2_left lval key2_right rval
0 foo one 1 one 4
1 foo one 1 one 5
2 foo two 2 one 4
3 foo two 2 one 5
4 bar one 3 one 6
5 bar one 3 two 7

3.索引上的合併

連線鍵位於其索引中。在這種情況下，你可以傳入left_index=True或right_index=True（或兩
個都傳）以說明索引應該被用作連線鍵

In [56]: left1 = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['a', 'b', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'c'],
....: 'value': range(6)})
In [57]: right1 = pd.DataFrame({'group_val': [3.5, 7]}, index=['a', 'b'])
In [58]: left1
Out[58]:
key value
0 a 0
1 b 1
2 a 2
3 a 3
4 b 4
5 c 5
In [59]: right1
Out[59]:
group_val
a 3.5
b 7.0
In [60]: pd.merge(left1, right1, left_on='key', right_index=True)
Out[60]:
key value group_val
0 a 0 3.5
2 a 2 3.5
3 a 3 3.5
1 b 1 7.0
4 b 4 7.0

層次化索引的資料, 索引的合併預設是多鍵合併

In [62]: lefth = pd.DataFrame({'key1': ['Ohio', 'Ohio', 'Ohio',
....: 'Nevada', 'Nevada'],
....: 'key2': [2000, 2001, 2002, 2001, 2002],
....: 'data': np.arange(5.)})
In [63]: righth = pd.DataFrame(np.arange(12).reshape((6, 2)),
....: index=[['Nevada', 'Nevada', 'Ohio', 'Ohio',
....: 'Ohio', 'Ohio'],
....: [2001, 2000, 2000, 2000, 2001, 2002]],
....: columns=['event1', 'event2'])
In [64]: lefth
Out[64]:
data key1 key2
0 0.0 Ohio 2000
1 1.0 Ohio 2001
2 2.0 Ohio 2002
3 3.0 Nevada 2001
4 4.0 Nevada 2002
In [65]: righth
Out[65]:
event1 event2
Nevada 2001 0 1
2000 2 3
Ohio 2000 4 5
2000 6 7
2001 8 9
2002 10 11

必須以列列表的形式指明⽤用作合併鍵的多個列列（注意用how=‘outer’對重複索引值的處理）

In [66]: pd.merge(lefth, righth, left_on=['key1', 'key2'], right_index=True)
Out[66]:
data key1 key2 event1 event2
0 0.0 Ohio 2000 4 5
0 0.0 Ohio 2000 6 7
1 1.0 Ohio 2001 8 9
2 2.0 Ohio 2002 10 11
3 3.0 Nevada 2001 0 1
In [67]: pd.merge(lefth, righth, left_on=['key1', 'key2'],
....: right_index=True, how='outer')
Out[67]:
data key1 key2 event1 event2
0 0.0 Ohio 2000 4.0 5.0
0 0.0 Ohio 2000 6.0 7.0
1 1.0 Ohio 2001 8.0 9.0
2 2.0 Ohio 2002 10.0 11.0
3 3.0 Nevada 2001 0.0 1.0
4 4.0 Nevada 2002 NaN NaN
4 NaN Nevada 2000 2.0 3.0

同時使用合併雙方的索引

In [68]: left2 = pd.DataFrame([[1., 2.], [3., 4.], [5., 6.]],
....: index=['a', 'c', 'e'],
....: columns=['Ohio', 'Nevada'])
In [69]: right2 = pd.DataFrame([[7., 8.], [9., 10.], [11., 12.], [13, 14]],
....: index=['b', 'c', 'd', 'e'],
....: columns=['Missouri', 'Alabama'])
In [70]: left2
Out[70]:
Ohio Nevada
a 1.0 2.0
c 3.0 4.0
e 5.0 6.0
In [71]: right2
Out[71]:
Missouri Alabama
b 7.0 8.0
c 9.0 10.0
d 11.0 12.0
e 13.0 14.0
In [72]: pd.merge(left2, right2, how='outer', left_index=True,
right_index=True)
Out[72]:
Ohio Nevada Missouri Alabama
a 1.0 2.0 NaN NaN
b NaN NaN 7.0 8.0
c 3.0 4.0 9.0 10.0
d NaN NaN 11.0 12.0
e 5.0 6.0 13.0 14.0

join例項方法，能實現按索引合併

In [73]: left2.join(right2, how='outer')
Out[73]:
Ohio Nevada Missouri Alabama
a 1.0 2.0 NaN NaN
b NaN NaN 7.0 8.0
c 3.0 4.0 9.0 10.0
d NaN NaN 11.0 12.0
e 5.0 6.0 13.0 14.0
In [74]: left1.join(right1, on='key')
Out[74]:
key value group_val
0 a 0 3.5
1 b 1 7.0
2 a 2 3.5
3 a 3 3.5
4 b 4 7.0
5 c 5 NaN

向join傳入一組DataFrame

In [75]: another = pd.DataFrame([[7., 8.], [9., 10.], [11., 12.], [16., 17.]],
....: index=['a', 'c', 'e', 'f'],
....: columns=['New York',
'Oregon'])
In [76]: another
Out[76]:
New York Oregon
a 7.0 8.0
c 9.0 10.0
e 11.0 12.0
f 16.0 17.0
In [77]: left2.join([right2, another])
Out[77]:
Ohio Nevada Missouri Alabama New York Oregon
a 1.0 2.0 NaN NaN 7.0 8.0
c 3.0 4.0 9.0 10.0 9.0 10.0
e 5.0 6.0 13.0 14.0 11.0 12.0
In [78]: left2.join([right2, another], how='outer')
Out[78]:
Ohio Nevada Missouri Alabama New York Oregon
a 1.0 2.0 NaN NaN 7.0 8.0
b NaN NaN 7.0 8.0 NaN NaN
c 3.0 4.0 9.0 10.0 9.0 10.0
d NaN NaN 11.0 12.0 NaN NaN
e 5.0 6.0 13.0 14.0 11.0 12.0
f NaN NaN NaN NaN 16.0 17.0

###五、軸向連線

資料合併運算也被稱作連線（concatenation）、繫結（binding）或堆疊（stacking）

In [79]: arr = np.arange(12).reshape((3, 4))
In [80]: arr
Out[80]:
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11]])
In [81]: np.concatenate([arr, arr], axis=1)
Out[81]:
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 5, 6, 7, 4, 5, 6, 7],
[ 8, 9, 10, 11, 8, 9, 10, 11]])

pandas的concat函式合併操作

In [82]: s1 = pd.Series([0, 1], index=['a', 'b'])
In [83]: s2 = pd.Series([2, 3, 4], index=['c', 'd', 'e'])
In [84]: s3 = pd.Series([5, 6], index=['f', 'g'])

呼叫concat可以將值和索引粘合在一起

In [85]: pd.concat([s1, s2, s3])
Out[85]:
a 0
b 1
c 2
d 3
e 4
f 5
g 6
dtype: int64

傳入axis=1，則結果就會變成一個DataFrame（axis=1是列）

In [86]: pd.concat([s1, s2, s3], axis=1)
Out[86]:
0 1 2
a 0.0 NaN NaN
b 1.0 NaN NaN
c NaN 2.0 NaN
d NaN 3.0 NaN
e NaN 4.0 NaN
f NaN NaN 5.0
g NaN NaN 6.0
In [87]: s4 = pd.concat([s1, s3])
In [88]: s4
Out[88]:
a 0
b 1
f 5
g 6
dtype: int64
In [89]: pd.concat([s1, s4], axis=1)
Out[89]:
0 1
a 0.0 0
b 1.0 1
f NaN 5
g NaN 6
In [90]: pd.concat([s1, s4], axis=1, join='inner')
Out[90]:
0 1
a 0 0
b 1 1
In [91]: pd.concat([s1, s4], axis=1, join_axes=[['a', 'c', 'b', 'e']])
Out[91]:
0 1
a 0.0 0.0
c NaN NaN
b 1.0 1.0
e NaN NaN

參與連線的片段在結果中區分不開。假設你想要在連線軸上建立一個層次化索引。使用keys引數即可達到這個目的

In [92]: result = pd.concat([s1, s1, s3], keys=['one','two', 'three'])
In [93]: result
Out[93]:
one a 0
b 1
two a 0
b 1
three f 5
g 6
dtype: int64
In [94]: result.unstack()
Out[94]:
a b f g
one 0.0 1.0 NaN NaN
two 0.0 1.0 NaN NaN
three NaN NaN 5.0 6.0

如果沿著axis=1對Series進行合併，則keys就會成為DataFrame的列頭

In [95]: pd.concat([s1, s2, s3], axis=1, keys=['one','two', 'three'])
Out[95]:
one two three
a 0.0 NaN NaN
b 1.0 NaN NaN
c NaN 2.0 NaN
d NaN 3.0 NaN
e NaN 4.0 NaN
f NaN NaN 5.0
g NaN NaN 6.0
In [96]: df1 = pd.DataFrame(np.arange(6).reshape(3, 2), index=['a', 'b', 'c'],
....: columns=['one', 'two'])
In [97]: df2 = pd.DataFrame(5 + np.arange(4).reshape(2, 2), index=['a', 'c'],
....: columns=['three', 'four'])
In [98]: df1
Out[98]:
one two
a 0 1
b 2 3
c 4 5
In [99]: df2
Out[99]:
three four
a 5 6
c 7 8
In [100]: pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=1, keys=['level1', 'level2'])
Out[100]:
level1 level2
one two three four
a 0 1 5.0 6.0
b 2 3 NaN NaN
c 4 5 7.0 8.0
In [101]: pd.concat({'level1': df1, 'level2': df2}, axis=1)
Out[101]:
level1 level2
one two three four
a 0 1 5.0 6.0
b 2 3 NaN NaN
c 4 5 7.0 8.0

用names引數命名建立的軸級別

In [102]: pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=1, keys=['level1', 'level2'],
.....: names=['upper', 'lower'])
Out[102]:
upper level1 level2
lower one two three four
a 0 1 5.0 6.0
b 2 3 NaN NaN
c 4 5 7.0 8.0

DataFrame的行索引不包含任何相關資料, 傳入ignore_index=True

In [103]: df1 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(3, 4), columns=['a', 'b', 'c',
'd'])
In [104]: df2 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(2, 3), columns=['b', 'd', 'a'])
In [105]: df1
Out[105]:
a b c d
0 1.246435 1.007189 -1.296221 0.274992
1 0.228913 1.352917 0.886429 -2.001637
2 -0.371843 1.669025 -0.438570 -0.539741
In [106]: df2
Out[106]:
b d a
0 0.476985 3.248944 -1.021228
1 -0.577087 0.124121 0.302614
In [107]: pd.concat([df1, df2], ignore_index=True)
Out[107]:
a b c d
0 1.246435 1.007189 -1.296221 0.274992
1 0.228913 1.352917 0.886429 -2.001637
2 -0.371843 1.669025 -0.438570 -0.539741
3 -1.021228 0.476985 NaN 3.248944
4 0.302614 -0.577087 NaN 0.124121

六、合併重疊資料

索引全部或部分重疊的兩個資料集

In [108]: a = pd.Series([np.nan, 2.5, np.nan, 3.5, 4.5, np.nan],
.....: index=['f', 'e', 'd', 'c', 'b', 'a'])
In [109]: b = pd.Series(np.arange(len(a), dtype=np.float64),
.....: index=['f', 'e', 'd', 'c', 'b', 'a'])
In [110]: b[-1] = np.nan
In [111]: a
Out[111]:
f NaN
e 2.5
d NaN
c 3.5
b 4.5
a NaN
dtype: float64
In [112]: b
Out[112]:
f 0.0
e 1.0
d 2.0
c 3.0
b 4.0
a NaN
dtype: float64
In [113]: np.where(pd.isnull(a), b, a)
Out[113]: array([ 0. , 2.5, 2. , 3.5, 4.5, nan])

此語句實現一樣的功能

In [114]: b[:-2].combine_first(a[2:])
Out[114]:
a NaN
b 4.5
c 3.0
d 2.0
e 1.0
f 0.0
dtype: float64

對於DataFrame，combine_first自然也會在列上做同樣的事情，因此你可以將其看做：用傳
遞物件中的資料為調⽤用物件的缺失資料“打補丁”

In [115]: df1 = pd.DataFrame({'a': [1., np.nan, 5., np.nan],
.....: 'b': [np.nan, 2., np.nan, 6.],
.....: 'c': range(2, 18, 4)})
In [116]: df2 = pd.DataFrame({'a': [5., 4., np.nan, 3., 7.],
.....: 'b': [np.nan, 3., 4., 6., 8.]})
In [117]: df1
Out[117]:
a b c
0 1.0 NaN 2
1 NaN 2.0 6
2 5.0 NaN 10
3 NaN 6.0 14
In [118]: df2
Out[118]:
a b
0 5.0 NaN
1 4.0 3.0
2 NaN 4.0
3 3.0 6.0
4 7.0 8.0
In [119]: df1.combine_first(df2)
Out[119]:
a b c
0 1.0 NaN 2.0
1 4.0 2.0 6.0
2 5.0 4.0 10.0
3 3.0 6.0 14.0
4 7.0 8.0 NaN

七、重塑和軸向旋轉

用於重新排列列表格型資料的基礎運算。這些函式也稱作重塑（reshape）或軸向旋轉（pivot）
運算重塑層次化索引

stack：將資料的列列“旋轉”為⾏行行
unstack：將資料的⾏行行“旋轉”為列列
In [120]: data = pd.DataFrame(np.arange(6).reshape((2, 3)),
.....: index=pd.Index(['Ohio','Colorado'],
name='state'),
.....: columns=pd.Index(['one', 'two', 'three'],
.....: name='number'))
In [121]: data
Out[121]:
number one two three
state
Ohio 0 1 2
Colorado 3 4 5

對該資料使用stack方法即可將列列轉換為行，得到一個Series

In [122]: result = data.stack()
In [123]: result
Out[123]:
state number
Ohio one 0
two 1
three 2
Colorado one 3
two 4
three 5
dtype: int64

對於一個層次化索引的Series，你可以用unstack將其重排一個DataFrame：

In [124]: result.unstack()
Out[124]:
number one two three
state
Ohio 0 1 2
Colorado 3 4 5

預設情況下，unstack操作的是最內層（stack也是如此）。傳入分層級別的編號或名稱即可對
其它級別進行unstack操作

In [125]: result.unstack(0)
Out[125]:
state Ohio Colorado
number
one 0 3
two 1 4
three 2 5
In [126]: result.unstack('state')
Out[126]:
state Ohio Colorado
number
one 0 3
two 1 4
three 2 5

八、將“長格式”旋轉為“寬格式”

多個時間序列列資料通常是以所謂的“長格式”（long）或“堆疊格式”（stacked）儲存在資料庫和
CSV中的。我們先載入一些示例例資料，做一些時間序列規整和資料清洗

In [139]: data = pd.read_csv('examples/macrodata.csv')
In [140]: data.head()
Out[140]:
year quarter realgdp realcons realinv realgovt realdpi cpi \
0 1959.0 1.0 2710.349 1707.4 286.898 470.045 1886.9 28.98
1 1959.0 2.0 2778.801 1733.7 310.859 481.301 1919.7 29.15
2 1959.0 3.0 2775.488 1751.8 289.226 491.260 1916.4 29.35
3 1959.0 4.0 2785.204 1753.7 299.356 484.052 1931.3 29.37
4 1960.0 1.0 2847.699 1770.5 331.722 462.199 1955.5 29.54
m1 tbilrate unemp pop infl realint
0 139.7 2.82 5.8 177.146 0.00 0.00
1 141.7 3.08 5.1 177.830 2.34 0.74
2 140.5 3.82 5.3 178.657 2.74 1.09
3 140.0 4.33 5.6 179.386 0.27 4.06
4 139.6 3.50 5.2 180.007 2.31 1.19
In [141]: periods = pd.PeriodIndex(year=data.year, quarter=data.quarter,
.....: name='date')
In [142]: columns = pd.Index(['realgdp', 'infl', 'unemp'], name='item')
In [143]: data = data.reindex(columns=columns)
In [144]: data.index = periods.to_timestamp('D', 'end')
In [145]: ldata = data.stack().reset_index().rename(columns={0: 'value'})
不不同的item值分別形成⼀一列列，date列列中的時間戳則⽤用作索引
# 前兩個傳遞的值分別⽤用作⾏行行和列列索引，最後⼀一個可選值則是⽤用於填充DataFrame的資料列列
In [147]: pivoted = ldata.pivot('date', 'item', 'value')
In [148]: pivoted
Out[148]:
item infl realgdp unemp
date
1959-03-31 0.00 2710.349 5.8
1959-06-30 2.34 2778.801 5.1
1959-09-30 2.74 2775.488 5.3
1959-12-31 0.27 2785.204 5.6
1960-03-31 2.31 2847.699 5.2
1960-06-30 0.14 2834.390 5.2
1960-09-30 2.70 2839.022 5.6
1960-12-31 1.21 2802.616 6.3
1961-03-31 -0.40 2819.264 6.8
1961-06-30 1.47 2872.005 7.0
... ... ... ...
2007-06-30 2.75 13203.977 4.5
2007-09-30 3.45 13321.109 4.7
2007-12-31 6.38 13391.249 4.8
2008-03-31 2.82 13366.865 4.9
2008-06-30 8.53 13415.266 5.4
2008-09-30 -3.16 13324.600 6.0
2008-12-31 -8.79 13141.920 6.9
2009-03-31 0.94 12925.410 8.1
2009-06-30 3.37 12901.504 9.2
2009-09-30 3.56 12990.341 9.6
[203 rows x 3 columns]
In [149]: ldata['value2'] = np.random.randn(len(ldata))
In [150]: ldata[:10]
Out[150]:
date item value value2
0 1959-03-31 realgdp 2710.349 0.523772
1 1959-03-31 infl 0.000 0.000940
2 1959-03-31 unemp 5.800 1.343810
3 1959-06-30 realgdp 2778.801 -0.713544
4 1959-06-30 infl 2.340 -0.831154
5 1959-06-30 unemp 5.100 -2.370232
6 1959-09-30 realgdp 2775.488 -1.860761
7 1959-09-30 infl 2.740 -0.860757
8 1959-09-30 unemp 5.300 0.560145
9 1959-12-31 realgdp 2785.204 -1.265934

如果忽略最後一個引數，得到的DataFrame就會帶有層次化的列列

In [151]: pivoted = ldata.pivot('date', 'item')
In [152]: pivoted[:5]
Out[152]:
value value2
item infl realgdp unemp infl realgdp unemp
date
1959-03-31 0.00 2710.349 5.8 0.000940 0.523772 1.343810
1959-06-30 2.34 2778.801 5.1 -0.831154 -0.713544 -2.370232
1959-09-30 2.74 2775.488 5.3 -0.860757 -1.860761 0.560145
1959-12-31 0.27 2785.204 5.6 0.119827 -1.265934 -1.063512
1960-03-31 2.31 2847.699 5.2 -2.359419 0.332883 -0.199543
In [153]: pivoted['value'][:5]
Out[153]:
item infl realgdp unemp
date
1959-03-31 0.00 2710.349 5.8
1959-06-30 2.34 2778.801 5.1
1959-09-30 2.74 2775.488 5.3
1959-12-31 0.27 2785.204 5.6
1960-03-31 2.31 2847.699 5.2

九、將“寬格式”旋轉為“長格式”

In [157]: df = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'],
.....: 'A': [1, 2, 3],
.....: 'B': [4, 5, 6],
.....: 'C': [7, 8, 9]})
In [158]: df
Out[158]:
A B C key
0 1 4 7 foo
1 2 5 8 bar
2 3 6 9 baz
當使⽤用pandas.melt，我們必須指明哪些列列是分組指標。下⾯面使⽤用key作為唯⼀一的分組指標
In [159]: melted = pd.melt(df, ['key'])
In [160]: melted
Out[160]:
key variable value
0 foo A 1
1 bar A 2
2 baz A 3
3 foo B 4
4 bar B 5
5 baz B 6
6 foo C 7
7 bar C 8
8 baz C 9

使用pivot，可以重塑回原來的樣子

In [161]: reshaped = melted.pivot('key', 'variable', 'value')
In [162]: reshaped
Out[162]:
variable A B C
key
bar 2 5 8
baz 3 6 9
foo 1 4 7

因為pivot的結果從列列建立了一個索引，用作行標籤，我們可以使用reset_index將資料移回列

In [163]: reshaped.reset_index()
Out[163]:
variable key A B C
0 bar 2 5 8
1 baz 3 6 9
2 foo 1 4 7

指定列的子集，作為值的列列

In [164]: pd.melt(df, id_vars=['key'], value_vars=['A', 'B'])
Out[164]:
key variable value
0 foo A 1
1 bar A 2
2 baz A 3
3 foo B 4
4 bar B 5
5 baz B 6

pandas.melt也可以不用分組指標

In [165]: pd.melt(df, value_vars=['A', 'B', 'C'])
Out[165]:
variable value
0 A 1
1 A 2
2 A 3
3 B 4
4 B 5
5 B 6
6 C 7
7 C 8
8 C 9
In [166]: pd.melt(df, value_vars=['key', 'A', 'B'])
Out[166]:
variable value
0 key foo
1 key bar
2 key baz
3 A 1
4 A 2
5 A 3
6 B 4
7 B 5
8 B 6