《Django Girls》學習筆記(1)

阿新 • • 發佈：2019-01-29

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Django Girls Tutorial

介紹

安裝

網際網路是如何工作的？

命令列介紹

Python的安裝

程式碼編輯器

Python 簡介

Django 是什麼？

Django安裝

你的第一個Django 專案！

在蘋果或Linux系統下，你需要執行下面的命令,記得不要漏掉命令後面的小點（.）:

(myvenv) ~/djangogirls$ django-admin startproject mysite .

(myvenv) ~/djangogirls$  
django-admin startproject mysite .

更改設定

讓我們在 mysite/settings.py 中進行一些更改。使用您前面安裝了的程式碼編輯器開啟檔案。

在我們的站點上有正確的時間是非常不錯的。訪問wikipedia timezones list複製你所在地區的時區 (TZ).

然後在 settings.py檔案中, 找到包含TIME_ZONE欄位的這行,並將時區改為你所在地區的時區。即：

python
TIME_ZONE = ‘Asia/Shanghai’
中國大陸地區可修改為 Asia/Shanghai 我們還需要新增 (我們會找出在教程後面所提到的靜態檔案和 CSS檔案) 靜態檔案的路徑。我們下拉到檔案的最底部, 就是在

STATIC_URL條目的下面。新增新的一行內容為STATIC_ROOT`:

STATIC_URL = '/static/'

STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static')

Django模型

Django管理

為了登入, 你需要建立一個掌控整個網站所有東西的超級使用者。回到剛才的命令列，輸入python manage.py createsuperuser，按下Enter。然後輸入你的使用者名稱(英文小寫，不包括空格), 郵箱和密碼。你輸密碼的時候看不見輸入？別擔心，它就是這樣的。你就輸入要輸得到然後按Enter繼續就好了。輸出應該長得像這樣（使用者名稱和郵箱應該是你自己的）：

(myvenv) ~/djangogirls$ python manage.py createsuperuser
Username: admin_henry
Email address: 我的秋秋郵箱
Password: 我的姓名拼音 + XX 手機號
Password (again):
Superuser created successfully.

部署！

在 PythonAnywhere 上建立 virtualenv

如同你在自己電腦上做的，你可以在 PythonAnywhere 上建立 virtualenv 虛擬環境。在 Bash 控制檯下，鍵入：

$ cd my-first-blog

$ virtualenv --python=python3.4 myvenv
Running virtualenv with interpreter /usr/bin/python3.4
[...]
Installing setuptools, pip...done.

$ source myvenv/bin/activate

(mvenv) $  pip install django whitenoise
Collecting django
[...]
Successfully installed django-1.8.2 whitenoise-2.0

(建議：上一步在安裝Django時，最好安裝與教程相同的版本，pip install django==1.8 或 1.8.2 ，否則，後續可能出現一些錯誤，而且修復起來略麻煩。)
注意 pip 安裝步驟可能需要幾分鐘。耐心，耐心！但是如果超過 5 分鐘，就不對勁了。問問你的教練。

在 PythonAnywhere 上建立資料庫

伺服器與你自己的計算機不同的另外一點是：它使用不同的資料庫。因此使用者賬戶以及文章和你電腦上的可能會有不同。

我們可以像在自己的計算機上一樣在伺服器上初始化資料庫，使用 migrate 以及 createsuperuser：

(mvenv) $ python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
[...]
  Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK

(如果

在 PythonAnywhere 上建立 virtualenv

中，安裝的django的版本就是1.8的話，那麼，下面的2處bug可能不會出現，應該也不用看了。)
(在做到這一步的時候，會報錯

(myvenv) 09:23 ~/django_girls_learning (master)$ python manage.py migrate
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/urls/co
nf.py", line 17, in include
    urlconf_module, app_name = arg
ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 2)
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "manage.py", line 10, in <module>
    execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/ma
nagement/__init__.py", line 371, in execute_from_command_line
    utility.execute()
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/ma
nagement/__init__.py", line 365, in execute
    self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/ma
nagement/base.py", line 288, in run_from_argv
    self.execute(*args, **cmd_options)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/ma
nagement/base.py", line 332, in execute
    self.check()
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/ma
nagement/base.py", line 364, in check
    include_deployment_checks=include_deployment_checks,
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/ma
nagement/commands/migrate.py", line 58, in _run_checks
    issues.extend(super()._run_checks(**kwargs))
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/ma
nagement/base.py", line 351, in _run_checks
    return checks.run_checks(**kwargs)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/ch
ecks/registry.py", line 73, in run_checks
    new_errors = check(app_configs=app_configs)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/ch
ecks/urls.py", line 13, in check_url_config
    return check_resolver(resolver)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/ch
ecks/urls.py", line 23, in check_resolver
    return check_method()
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/urls/re
solvers.py", line 399, in check
    for pattern in self.url_patterns:
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/utils/f
unctional.py", line 36, in __get__
    res = instance.__dict__[self.name] = self.func(instance)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/urls/re
solvers.py", line 540, in url_patterns
    patterns = getattr(self.urlconf_module, "urlpatterns", self.urlconf_module)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/utils/f
unctional.py", line 36, in __get__
    res = instance.__dict__[self.name] = self.func(instance)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/urls/re
solvers.py", line 533, in urlconf_module
    return import_module(self.urlconf_name)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/importlib/__init__.py", line
 109, in import_module
    return _bootstrap._gcd_import(name[level:], package, level)
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 2254, in _gcd_import
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 2237, in _find_and_load
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 2226, in _find_and_load_unlocked
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1200, in _load_unlocked
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1129, in _exec
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1471, in exec_module
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 321, in _call_with_frames_removed
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/mysite/urls.py", line 9, in <module>
    url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/urls/co
nf.py", line 27, in include
    'provide the namespace argument to include() instead.' % len(arg)
django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: Passing a 3-tuple to include() is not supported. P
ass a 2-tuple containing the list of patterns and app_name, and provide the namespace argument 
to include() instead.

特別要注意這裡 File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/mysite/urls.py", line 9, in <module> url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)), ，

將 mysite 下的 urls.py 的第 9 行url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)) 修改為 url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls) ，就修復了這個 bug 。

但是，此時(myvenv) 09:40 ~/django_girls_learning (master)$ python manage.py migrate會有另外 1 個bug：

(myvenv) 09:40 ~/django_girls_learning (master)$ python manage.py migrate                      
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "manage.py", line 10, in <module>
    execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/ma
nagement/__init__.py", line 371, in execute_from_command_line
    utility.execute()
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/ma
nagement/__init__.py", line 365, in execute
    self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/ma
nagement/base.py", line 288, in run_from_argv
    self.execute(*args, **cmd_options)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/ma
nagement/base.py", line 335, in execute
    output = self.handle(*args, **options)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/core/ma
nagement/commands/migrate.py", line 79, in handle
    executor = MigrationExecutor(connection, self.migration_progress_callback)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/db/migr
ations/executor.py", line 18, in __init__
    self.loader = MigrationLoader(self.connection)
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/db/migr
ations/loader.py", line 49, in __init__
    self.build_graph()
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/db/migr
ations/loader.py", line 201, in build_graph
    self.load_disk()
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/site-packages/django/db/migr
ations/loader.py", line 110, in load_disk
    migration_module = import_module("%s.%s" % (module_name, migration_name))
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/myvenv/lib/python3.4/importlib/__init__.py", line
 109, in import_module
    return _bootstrap._gcd_import(name[level:], package, level)
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 2254, in _gcd_import
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 2237, in _find_and_load
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 2226, in _find_and_load_unlocked
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1200, in _load_unlocked
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1129, in _exec
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1471, in exec_module
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 321, in _call_with_frames_removed
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/blog/migrations/0001_initial.py", line 9, in <mod
ule>
    class Migration(migrations.Migration):
  File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/blog/migrations/0001_initial.py", line 24, in Mig
ration
    ('author', models.ForeignKey(to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)),
TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'on_delete'

特別要注意這裡

File "/home/henry1991/django_girls_learning/blog/migrations/0001_initial.py", line 24, in Mig
ration
    ('author', models.ForeignKey(to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)),
TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'on_delete'

根據搜尋到的解決辦法 https://www.cnblogs.com/phyger/p/8035253.html ，將 /blog/migrations/ 下的 0001_initial.py 的第 24 行的 ('author', models.ForeignKey(to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)) 加上 on_delete ，即修改為

('author', models.ForeignKey(to=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, on_delete=models.CASCADE)),

至此，修復完畢。
)

(mvenv) $ python manage.py createsuperuser

Context | Request Context

配置 WSGI 檔案

Django 使用 “WSGI 協議”，它是用來服務 Python 網站的一個標準。PythonAnywhere 支援這個標準。 PythonAnywhere 識別我們 Django 部落格的方式是通過配置 WSGI 配置檔案。

點選 “WSGI configuration file” 連結（在 “Code” 一節，接近頁面上方 — 它將被命名為如 /var/www/_pythonanywhere_com_wsgi.py），然後跳轉到一個編輯器。

刪除所有的內容並用以下內容替換：

import os
import sys

path = '/home/<你的使用者名稱>/my-first-blog'  # use your own username here
if path not in sys.path:
    sys.path.append(path)

os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'mysite.settings'

from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application
from whitenoise.django import DjangoWhiteNoise
application = DjangoWhiteNoise(get_wsgi_application())

注意當看到時，別忘了替換為你自己的使用者名稱。(這裡要特別注意，不然會出錯。)

這個檔案的作用是告訴 PythonAnywhere 我們的Web應用程式在什麼位置，Django 設定檔案的名字是什麼。它也設定 “whitenoise” 靜態檔案工具。

點選 Save 然後返回到 Web 選項卡。

一切搞定！點選大大的綠色 Reload 按鈕然後你將會看到你的應用程式。頁面的頂部可以看到它的連結。

《Django Girls》學習筆記(1)

Need help? Talk to us!

Django Girls Tutorial

介紹

安裝

網際網路是如何工作的？

命令列介紹

Python的安裝

程式碼編輯器

Python 簡介

Django 是什麼？

Django安裝

你的第一個Django 專案 ！

更改設定

Django模型

Django管理

部署！

在 PythonAnywhere 上建立 virtualenv

在 PythonAnywhere 上建立資料庫

在 PythonAnywhere 上建立 virtualenv

配置 WSGI 檔案

Django urls

Django檢視 - 抓緊時間去建立！

HTML簡介

Django ORM (查詢集)

模板中的動態資料

Django模板

CSS - 讓其更漂亮

模板擴充套件

擴充套件您的應用

Django表單

接下來呢？

本書使用 GitBook 釋出

相關推薦

你的第一個Django 專案！