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2018 數學建模美國賽思路

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2018 數學建模 美國賽 D 建模思路 和文章大綱

題目

2018 ICM

Problem D: Out of Gas and Driving on E (for electric, not empty)

For both environmental and economic reasons, there is global interest in reducing the use of fossil fuels, including gasoline for cars. Whether motivated by the environment or by the economics, consumers are starting to migrate to electric vehicles. Several countries are seeing early signs of the potential for rapid growth in the adoption of electric vehicles. In the US and other countries, the release of the more affordable all-electric Tesla Model 3 has resulted in record numbers of pre-orders and long wait lists (https://www.wired.com/story/tesla-model-3-delivery-timeline/). To further accelerate the switch to electric vehicles, some countries, including China, have announced that they will ban gasoline and diesel cars in the coming years (http://money.cnn.com/2017/09/11/news/china-gaselectric-car-ban/index.html).

Eventually, when a ban goes into effect, there needs to be a sufficient number of vehicle charging stations in all the right places so that people can use their vehicles for their daily business, as well as make occasional long-distance trips. The migration from gasoline and diesel cars to electric vehicles, however, is not simple and can’t happen overnight. In a fantasy world, we would wake up one day with every gas vehicle replaced by an electric one, and every gas station replaced with a charging station. In reality, there are limited resources, and it will take time for consumers to make the switch.

In fact, the location and convenience of charging stations is critical as early adopters and eventually
mainstream consumers volunteer to switch http://www.govtech.com/fs/Building-Out-Electric-Vehicle-Infrastructure-Where-Are-the-Best-Locations-for-Charging-Stations.html). As nations plan this transition, they need to consider the final network of charging stations (the number of stations, where they will be located, the number of chargers at the stations, and the differences in the needs of rural areas, suburban areas, and urban areas), as well as the growth and evolution of the network of charging stations over time. For example, what should the network look like when electric vehicles represent 10% of all cars, 30% of all cars, 50% of all cars, and 90% of all cars?

As nations seek to develop policies that promote the migration towards electric vehicles, they will need to design a plan that works best for their individual country. Before they can begin, they would like your team’s help in determining the final architecture of the charging network to support the full adoption of all-electric vehicles. Additionally, they would like you to identify the key factors that will be important as they plan their timeline for an eventual ban or dramatic reduction of gasoline and diesel vehicles.

To help your team manage the scope of this problem, we ask that you focus only on personal passenger vehicles (i.e. cars, vans, and light trucks used for passengers). At the end of your report, you may briefly comment on the relevance of your findings and conclusions on commercial vehicles to include heavy trucks and busses.

Your tasks are the following:

Task 1:

Explore the current and growing network of Tesla charging stations in the United States. Tesla currently offers two types of charging stations: (1) destination charging designed for charging for several hours at a time or even overnight (https://www.tesla.com/destination-charging); and (2) supercharging designed for longer road trips to provide up to 170 miles of range in as little as 30 minutes of charging (https://www.tesla.com/supercharger). These stations are in addition to at-home charging used by many Tesla owners who have a personal garage or a driveway with power. Is Tesla on track to allow a complete switch to all-electric in the US? If everyone switched to all-electric personal passenger vehicles in the US, how many charging stations would be needed, and how should
they be distributed between urban, suburban, and rural areas?

Task 2:

Select one of the following nations (South Korea, Ireland, or Uruguay).

2a. Determine the optimal number, placement, and distribution of charging stations if your country could migrate all their personal passenger vehicles to all-electric vehicles instantaneously (no transition time required). What are the key factors that shaped the development of your plan?

2b. While these countries have already started installing chargers, you get to start with a clean slate. Present a proposal for evolving the charging network of your chosen country from zero chargers to a full electric-vehicle system. How do you propose the country invest in chargers? Should the country build all city-based chargers first, or all rural chargers, or a mix of both? Will you build the chargers first and hope people buy the cars, or will you build chargers in response to car purchases? What are the key factors that shaped your proposed charging station plan?

2c. Based on your growth plan, what is the timeline you propose for the full evolution to electric vehicles in your country? To get started, you may wish to consider how long it will take for there to be 10% electric vehicles, 30% electric vehicles, 50% electric vehicles, or 100% electric vehicles on your selected country’s roads. What are the key factors that shaped your proposed growth plan timeline?

Task 3:

Now consider countries with very different geographies, population density distributions, and wealth distributions, such as Australia, China, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and Singapore. Would your proposed plan for growing and evolving the network of chargers still apply to each of these countries? What are the key factors that trigger the selection of different approaches to growing the network? Discuss the feasibility of creating a classification system that would help a nation determine the general growth model they should follow in order for them to successfully migrate away from gasoline and diesel vehicles to all electric cars.

Task 4:

The technological world continues to change and is impacting transportation options such as car-share and ride-share services, self-driving cars, rapid battery-swap stations for electric cars, and even flying cars and a Hyperloop. Comment on how these technologies might impact your analyses of the increasing use of electric vehicles.

Task 5:

Prepare a one-page handout written for the leaders of a wide range of countries who are attending an international energy summit. The handout should identify the key factors the leaders should consider as they return to their home country to develop a national plan to migrate personal transportation towards all-electric cars and set a gas vehicle-ban date. Your submission should consist of:

  • One-page Summary Sheet,
  • One-page handout,
  • Your solution of no more than 20 pages, for a maximum of 22 pages with your summary and handout.
  • Note: Reference list and any appendices do not count toward the 22-page limit and should appear after your completed solution.

題目翻譯

2018年ICM問題D: 非使用汽油並在使用電力行駛的汽車(電量非空的)

由於環境和經濟的原因,全球都在減少使用化石燃料,包括汽車汽油。 無論是受環境或經濟動機,消費者開始轉向電動汽車。 幾個國家正在看到采用電動汽車快速增長的潛力。 在美國和其他國家,更經濟實惠的全電式特斯拉3型車型的發布帶來了預購訂單和長期等待名單的記錄(https://www.wired.com/story/tesla-model-3-delivery-timeline/)。 為了進一步加快向電動汽車的轉型,包括中國在內的一些國家已經宣布將在未來幾年內禁止汽油和柴油車(http://money.cnn.com/2017/09/11/news/china-gas-electric-car-ban/index.html)。

最終,禁令生效時,要在所有的地方都有足夠數量的車輛充電站,以便人們可以利用車輛進行日常工作,也可以進行偶爾的長途旅行。 然而,從汽油車和柴油車到電動車的過渡並不是一帆風順的,不能一蹴而就。 在一個幻想的世界裏,我們會有一天醒來,每一輛汽車都換上一輛電動汽車,每一輛加油站都換上一個充電站。 實際上資源有限,消費者需要時間進行轉換。 事實上,充電站的位置和方便性對於早期使用者以及最終成為主流消費者的誌願者來說是至關重要的(http://www.govtech.com/fs/Building-Out-Electric-Vehicle-Infrastructure-Where-Are-the-Best-Locations-for-Charging-Stations.html)。

當國家計劃這一轉型時,他們需要考慮充電站的最終網絡(車站的數量,所在的位置,車站充電器的數量以及農村,郊區的需求的差異,以及城市地區)以及充電站網絡的發展和演變。例如,當電動汽車占所有汽車的10%,所有汽車的30%,所有汽車的50%以及所有汽車的90%時,網絡應該如何?

隨著各國尋求制定促進向電動汽車過渡的政策,他們將需要制定一個最適合其國家的計劃。在他們開始之前,他們希望您的團隊幫助確定充電網絡的最終架構,以支持全電動車輛的全面采用。此外,他們希望您確定在規劃最終禁止汽油車輛和柴油車輛大幅度減少的時間表時將起重要作用的關鍵因素。

為了幫助您的團隊管理這個問題的範圍,我們要求您只關註個人乘用車(即用於乘客的轎車,貨車和輕型客車)。在你的報告結尾,你可以簡要地評論你的發現和商業車輛的結論的相關性,包括重型卡車和公共汽車。
你的任務如下:

任務1:

探索美國當前和日益增長的特斯拉充電站網絡。 特斯拉目前提供兩種類型的充電站:
(1)目的地充電設計為一次或甚至一夜充電數小時(https://www.tesla.com/destination-charging);
(2)增壓設計用於長途旅行,在短短30分鐘的充電時間內提供170英裏的行駛裏程的電力(https://www.tesla.com/supercharger)。
這些充電站是除了擁有私人車庫或車道的許多特斯拉車主所使用的這些車站之外。 特斯拉正走在美國的一個完全切換到全電的軌道上嗎? 如果每個人都在美國轉向全電動乘用車,那麽需要多少個充電站,又如何在城市,郊區和農村之間進行分配呢?

任務2:

選擇下列國家之一(南韓,愛爾蘭或烏拉圭)。
2A。確定充電站的最佳數量,布局和分布,如果您的國家可以將所有個人乘用車瞬間遷移到全電動汽車(不需要過渡時間)。影響你計劃發展的關鍵因素是什麽?

2B。當這些國家已經開始安裝充電器的時候,你可以從0開始構建。提出將您所選擇的國家的充電網絡從零充電器發展到全電動車系統的建議。你將如何提出建議使得該國投資於充電器?該國是否應該首先建立所有城市的充電器,或者所有的農村充電器,還是兩者兼而有之?你會先建立充電器,並希望人們購買汽車,還是你會看應付汽車購買的情況來建立充電站?你建議的充電站部署計劃的關鍵因素是什麽? 計劃?

2C。根據你的發展計劃,你提出的在你的國家電動汽車全面發展的時間表是什麽?您可能需要考慮在您選定的國家道路上需要多長時間才能有10%的電動汽車,30%的電動汽車,50%的電動汽車或100%的電動汽車。什麽是影響您提出的增長計劃時間表的關鍵因素?

任務4:

技術世界不斷變化,正在影響汽車共享和乘坐分享服務,自動駕駛汽車,電動汽車快速換電站,甚至飛行汽車和高鐵等交通方式。評論這些技術如何影響您對電動汽車日益普及的分析。

任務5:

為出席國際能源峰會的世界範圍國家的領導人準備一份一頁的講義材料。講義材料應該指出領導人回國後要考慮的關鍵因素,制定國家計劃將個人交通工具遷移到全電動汽車,並設定禁止使用汽油的日期。

您的提交應該包括:

單頁控制表,

  • 單頁講義材料,
  • 您的解決方案不超過20頁,最多22頁,包括摘要和講義。
  • 註意:參考列表和任何附錄不計入22頁的限制,應該在完成解決方案後出現。

技術分享圖片

題目原文分析

第一段

背景介紹

第二段

充電站介紹

給了一個重要的參考文獻
(http://www.govtech.com/fs/Building-Out-Electric-Vehicle-Infrastructure-Where-Are-the-Best-Locations-for-Charging-Stations.html).

第三段

提示我們考慮

先城鄉問題

還有電動車的過度問題

第四段

提示我們給出

充電站網絡的最終架構

確定充電站位置的關鍵因素

第五段

要求我們

從關註私家車開始(汽車,貨車,輕型卡車)

在後期可以考慮重型卡車,公交車

之後

問題1

考慮美國特斯拉的兩種充電站

提出兩個問題

美國是否應該允許完整的電動車車道

如果做到了電動車的全覆蓋,我們需要多少充電樁,如何分配(農村,城市,還是混合)

問題2

考慮(South Korea, Ireland, or Uruguay).

提出三個問題

1如果做到了電動車的全覆蓋,我們需要多少充電樁,如何分配(農村,城市,還是混合)並且問,什麽因素是分配的關鍵的因素

2如何從零開始一步步的建設充電樁(經濟問題)

3如何考慮建設的優先級

你是會通過建立充電樁的方式鼓勵人買汽車還是通過制定法律,強制回答(制定法律)

建立充電樁的關鍵因素是

問題3

考慮地理分布不平均的國家(貧富差距大的)Australia, China, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and Singapore

問你提出的規劃方式是不是還適用於以上國家:強制回答(不適用)
是什麽因素導致了以上不同

讓你提出一種方法,幫助這種國家建立充電設施

問題4

汽車共享和拼車服務,自動駕駛汽車,電動汽車的快速電池交換站如何對我們的模型產生影響

問題5

set a gas vehicle-ban date 設定一個合理的禁止汽油車的時間表

分析與歸納

需要完成的工作

建立一個模型考慮如下問題:

1.充電站的規劃方法

2.不同國家差異,如何對規劃產生影響

3.如何一步一步的建立充電站網絡

4.共享汽車,自動駕駛如何影響充電站的建立

5.是通過建立充電裝置來吸引人們還是通過,法律來規定,如何制定法律強制轉向電動車

模型考慮兩層模型

第一層

使用聚類方法,對區域進行數據降維

參考文獻

 參考文獻1.pdf

第二層

建立規劃模型

 目標函數:

  考慮充電樁的效果最好,就是服務能力最大

  或者考慮資源最節約(不建議,因為題目中對資源的討論比較少,更著重充電效果)

 約束條件:

  資源約束

  空間約束
  
  環保約束
  
  環境約束
  
  電動車種類
  
   私家車,貨車,輕卡車,共享汽車,智能駕駛車
  
  。。。可以另外添加
 
 規劃變量
 
  在不同的區域,設置充電樁的數量和種類

參考文獻

 參考文獻2.pdf

求解

數據要求

使用,要求國家和地區的,人口,經緯度,對電動車的支持情況,經濟情況,
車輛流動性,等數據(建議從美國入手,因為美國的數據容易獲得)

常用的數據網站(有些需要FQ)

 美國統計局
  https://www.census.gov/data.html
   
 美國交通統計局
  
  http://www.inegi.org.mx/default.aspx
 
 美國勞工統計局
  https://stats.bls.gov/

對三個國家進行相應的求解

使用求解工具

 Lingo

 Matlab

 AMPLE

 不建議使用啟發式算法,

  編程復雜

  解決線性問題,沒有必要

分析敏感性,回答模型中的問題

分析1

 對我們的約束條件,進行敏感性分析

  分析建立充電站的重要的因素

  解決問題2

分析2

 對充電器車保有量和資金約束進行敏感性分析

  分析如何一步步建立充電樁網絡

  解決問題3

分析3

 對電車的種類進行分析

  分析,引入智能駕駛和共享汽車的影響

  解決問題4

直接討論問題5,言之成理

論文大綱

abstract

Introduction

  1. 介紹電動車的環境背景
  2. 介紹充電樁存在的分配問題,或者介紹分配不合理帶來的後果
  3. 可以有一張插圖
  4. 介紹下充電樁問題的復雜性

比如,充電樁不能一下子建成,要循序漸進

比如,不同國家的差異

比如要同時考慮汽油車和電動車

比如要同時考慮農村和城市

比如還要考慮市面上不同的電動車和充電樁

不要寫太多

  1. 這部分大概可以寫一頁半,最多兩頁

analysis of problem

  1. 按照task,簡單敘述下問題

然後,把問題歸結為以下五個目標

問題

1.充電站的規劃方法

2.不同國家差異,如何對規劃產生影響

3.如何一步一步的建立充電站網絡

4.共享汽車,自動駕駛如何影響充電站的建立

5.是通過建立充電裝置來吸引人們還是通過,法律來規定,如何制定法律強

制轉向電動車

然後給出簡單的解決思路

一頁半,到兩頁

symnols agreement

這一部分就是畫一張表,把符號和其表達的含義寫出來,為下面的模型的建立服務

節約空間,半頁
model

stability and sensitivity analysis

strengths and weeknesses of the model
文獻參考

2018 數學建模美國賽思路