移動機器人模擬梳理
最近系統重灌,重新配置模擬環境,因此再次梳理一下
1、模擬環境配置
建立ros工作空間:
source /opt/ros/kinetic/setup.bash sh creat_pkg.sh mkdir -p ~/ros_gazebo/src cd ~/ros_gazebo catkin_make source ~/ros_gazebo/devel/setup.bash echo $ROS_PACKAGE_PATH #輸出/home/jk/ros_gazebo/src:/opt/ros/kinetic/share
新建package:
cd ~/ros_gazebo/src/ catkin_create_pkg my_ros_sim std_msgs rospy roscpp cd ~/ros_gazebo/ catkin_make
執行以下命令,看看是否缺少一些包。
roslaunch turtlebot_gazebo turtlebot_world.launch roslaunch turtlebot_teleop keyboard_teleop.launch roslaunch turtlebot_gazebo gmapping_demo.launch roslaunch turtlebot_rviz_launchers view_navigation.launch
安裝對應的缺少的包到src下(turtlebot_simulator包含turtlebot_gazebo,turtlebot_interactions包含turtlebot_rviz_launchers
)cd ~/ros_gazebo/src git clone https://github.com/turtlebot/turtlebot_simulator.git git clone https://github.com/turtlebot/turtlebot.git git clone https://github.com/turtlebot/turtlebot_interactions.git
編譯:
#可能需要安裝以下包 sudo apt-get install ros-kinetic-joy catkin_make
2、下載model,修改launch
下載:gazebo_model,並解壓到~/.gazebo下,如下圖:
cd ~/.gazebo/
tar -xzvf models.tar.gz
2.1 修改turtlebot_world.launch
<launch>
<!--有修改-->
<arg name="gui" default="true"/>
<arg name="world_file" default="$(env TURTLEBOT_GAZEBO_WORLD_FILE)"/>
<arg name="base" value="$(optenv TURTLEBOT_BASE kobuki)"/> <!-- create, roomba -->
<arg name="battery" value="$(optenv TURTLEBOT_BATTERY /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0)"/> <!-- /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0 -->
<arg name="stacks" value="$(optenv TURTLEBOT_STACKS hexagons)"/> <!-- circles, hexagons -->
<!--<arg name="3d_sensor" value="$(optenv TURTLEBOT_3D_SENSOR kinect)"/> --> <!-- kinect, asus_xtion_pro -->
<!--有修改-->
<arg name="3d_sensor" value="$(optenv TURTLEBOT_3D_SENSOR hokuyo)"/>
<include file="$(find gazebo_ros)/launch/empty_world.launch">
<arg name="use_sim_time" value="true"/>
<arg name="debug" value="false"/>
<arg name="gui" value="$(arg gui)" />
<arg name="world_name" value="$(arg world_file)"/>
</include>
<include file="$(find turtlebot_gazebo)/launch/includes/$(arg base).launch.xml">
<arg name="base" value="$(arg base)"/>
<arg name="stacks" value="$(arg stacks)"/>
<arg name="3d_sensor" value="$(arg 3d_sensor)"/>
</include>
<node pkg="robot_state_publisher" type="robot_state_publisher" name="robot_state_publisher">
<param name="publish_frequency" type="double" value="30.0" />
</node>
<!-- Fake laser -->
<node pkg="nodelet" type="nodelet" name="laserscan_nodelet_manager" args="manager"/>
<!--有修改-->
<!--<node pkg="nodelet" type="nodelet" name="depthimage_to_laserscan"
args="load depthimage_to_laserscan/DepthImageToLaserScanNodelet laserscan_nodelet_manager">
<param name="scan_height" value="10"/>
<param name="output_frame_id" value="/camera_depth_frame"/>
<param name="range_min" value="0.45"/>
<remap from="image" to="/camera/depth/image_raw"/>
<remap from="scan" to="/scan"/>
</node>-->
</launch>
2.2 新建kobuki_hexagons_hokuyo.urdf.xacro
由於<include file="$(find turtlebot_gazebo)/launch/includes/$(arg base).launch.xml">可知,turtlebot_world.launch呼叫了kobuki.launch.xml檔案,尋找該檔案,
find ~/ros_gazebo -name "kobuki.launch.xml
kobuki.launch.xml:(不用修改)
<launch>
<arg name="base"/>
<arg name="stacks"/>
<arg name="3d_sensor"/>
<arg name="urdf_file" default="$(find xacro)/xacro --inorder '$(find turtlebot_description)/robots/$(arg base)_$(arg stacks)_$(arg 3d_sensor).urdf.xacro'"/>
<param name="robot_description" command="$(arg urdf_file)"/>
<!-- Gazebo model spawner -->
<node name="spawn_turtlebot_model" pkg="gazebo_ros" type="spawn_model"
args="$(optenv ROBOT_INITIAL_POSE) -unpause -urdf -param robot_description -model mobile_base"/>
<!-- Velocity muxer -->
<node pkg="nodelet" type="nodelet" name="mobile_base_nodelet_manager" args="manager"/>
<node pkg="nodelet" type="nodelet" name="cmd_vel_mux"
args="load yocs_cmd_vel_mux/CmdVelMuxNodelet mobile_base_nodelet_manager">
<param name="yaml_cfg_file" value="$(find turtlebot_bringup)/param/mux.yaml"/>
<remap from="cmd_vel_mux/output" to="mobile_base/commands/velocity"/>
</node>
<!-- Bumper/cliff to pointcloud (not working, as it needs sensors/core messages) -->
<include file="$(find turtlebot_bringup)/launch/includes/kobuki/bumper2pc.launch.xml"/>
</launch>
通過其中的兩行程式碼可知,kobuki.launch.xml檔案呼叫了引數檔案:kobuki_hexagons_hokuyo.urdf.xacro(turtlebot_world.launch已經將kinetic改成了hokuyo)
<arg name="urdf_file" default="$(find xacro)/xacro --inorder '$(find turtlebot_description)/robots/$(arg base)_$(arg stacks)_$(arg 3d_sensor).urdf.xacro'"/>
<param name="robot_description" command="$(arg urdf_file)"/>
找到kobuki_hexagons_kinect.urdf.xacro,
其路徑為/home/jk/ros_gazebo/src/turtlebot/turtlebot_description/robots/kobuki_hexagons_kinect.urdf.xacro,
在該路徑下新建檔案kobuki_hexagons_hokuyo.urdf.xacro,並複製
kobuki_hexagons_kinect.urdf.xacro程式碼進去,
kobuki_hexagons_hokuyo.urdf.xacro:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!--
- Base : kobuki
- Stacks : hexagons
- 3d Sensor : kinect
-->
<robot name="turtlebot" xmlns:xacro="http://ros.org/wiki/xacro">
<!--修改<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/turtlebot_common_library.urdf.xacro" />-->
<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/turtlebot_library.urdf.xacro" />
<xacro:include filename="$(find kobuki_description)/urdf/kobuki.urdf.xacro" />
<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/stacks/hexagons.urdf.xacro"/>
<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/sensors/kinect.urdf.xacro"/>
<!--增加-->
<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/sensors/hokuyo.urdf.xacro"/>
<kobuki/>
<stack_hexagons parent="base_link"/>
<sensor_kinect parent="base_link"/>
</robot>
上述程式碼做了如下修改:
- 尋找turtlebot_common_library.urdf.xacro改成尋找turtlebot_library.urdf.xacro
- 增加尋找hokuyo.urdf.xacro的程式碼
2.3 新建turtlebot_common_library.urdf.xacro 和hokuyo.urdf.xacro
2.3.1 turtlebot_common_library.urdf.xacro
cd ~ros_gazebo/src/turtlebot/turtlebot_description/urdf/
gedit turtlebot_library.urdf.xacro
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!--
The complete turtlebot library of xacros for easy reference
-->
<robot xmlns:xacro="http://ros.org/wiki/xacro">
<!-- General -->
<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/common_properties.urdf.xacro"/>
<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/turtlebot_properties.urdf.xacro"/>
<!-- Bases -->
<xacro:include filename="$(find create_description)/urdf/create.urdf.xacro"/>
<xacro:include filename="$(find kobuki_description)/urdf/kobuki.urdf.xacro" />
<!-- Stacks -->
<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/stacks/circles.urdf.xacro"/>
<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/stacks/hexagons.urdf.xacro"/>
<!-- 3D Sensors -->
<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/sensors/kinect.urdf.xacro"/>
<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/sensors/asus_xtion_pro.urdf.xacro"/>
<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/sensors/asus_xtion_pro_offset.urdf.xacro"/>
<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/sensors/rplidar.urdf.xacro"/>
<!--xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/sensors/hokuyo.urdf.xacro"/-->
<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/sensors/hokuyo.urdf.xacro"/>
</robot>
2.3.2 hokuyo.urdf.xacro
cd ~/ros_gazebo/src/turtlebot/turtlebot_description/urdf/sensors/
gedit hokuyo.urdf.xacro
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!-- script_version=1.1 -->
<robot name="sensor_hokuyo" xmlns:xacro="http://ros.org/wiki/xacro">
<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/turtlebot_gazebo.urdf.xacro"/>
<xacro:include filename="$(find turtlebot_description)/urdf/turtlebot_properties.urdf.xacro"/>
<!-- RPLidar 2D LIDAR -->
<xacro:macro name="sensor_hokuyo" params="parent">
<joint name="laser" type="fixed">
<origin xyz="0.10 0 0.435" rpy="0 0.0 0.0" />
<parent link="base_link" />
<child link="hokuyo_link" />
</joint>
<!-- Hokuyo Laser -->
<link name="hokuyo_link">
<collision>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<geometry>
<box size="0.1 0.1 0.1"/>
</geometry>
</collision>
<visual>
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<geometry>
<mesh filename="package://turtlebot_description/meshes/sensors/hokuyo.dae"/>
</geometry>
</visual>
<inertial>
<mass value="1e-5" />
<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
<inertia ixx="1e-6" ixy="0" ixz="0" iyy="1e-6" iyz="0" izz="1e-6" />
</inertial>
</link>
<!-- Set up laser gazebo details -->
<turtlebot_sim_2dsensor/>
</xacro:macro>
</robot>
下載hokuyo.dae:
<mesh filename="package://turtlebot_description/meshes/sensors/hokuyo.dae"/>
我們需要新增這個hokuyo.dae,可以先下載模型包,然後將檔案拷貝過來
cd ~/.gazebo/models
wget -q -R *index.html*,*.tar.gz --no-parent -r -x -nH http://models.gazebosim.org/hokuyo/
將/home/jk/.gazebo/models/hokuyo/meshes下的兩個檔案拷貝到~/ros_gazebo/src.../turtlebot_description/meshes/sensors目錄
cd ~/.gazebo/models/hokuyo/meshes/
cp hokuyo_convex.stl hokuyo.dae ~/ros_gazebo/src/turtlebot/turtlebot_description/urdf/sensors/
2.4 配置turtlebot_gazebo.urdf.xacro新增laser
cd ~/ros_gazebo/src/turtlebot/turtlebot_description/urdf/
gedit turtlebot_gazebo.urdf.xacro
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<robot name="turtlebot_gazebo" xmlns:xacro="http://ros.org/wiki/xacro">
<!-- Microsoft Kinect / ASUS Xtion PRO Live for simulation -->
<xacro:macro name="turtlebot_sim_3dsensor">
<gazebo reference="camera_link">
<sensor type="depth" name="camera">
<always_on>true</always_on>
<update_rate>20.0</update_rate>
<camera>
<horizontal_fov>${60.0*M_PI/180.0}</horizontal_fov>
<image>
<format>B8G8R8</format>
<width>640</width>
<height>480</height>
</image>
<clip>
<near>0.05</near>
<far>8.0</far>
</clip>
</camera>
<plugin name="kinect_camera_controller" filename="libgazebo_ros_openni_kinect.so">
<cameraName>camera</cameraName>
<alwaysOn>true</alwaysOn>
<updateRate>10</updateRate>
<imageTopicName>rgb/image_raw</imageTopicName>
<depthImageTopicName>depth/image_raw</depthImageTopicName>
<pointCloudTopicName>depth/points</pointCloudTopicName>
<cameraInfoTopicName>rgb/camera_info</cameraInfoTopicName>
<depthImageCameraInfoTopicName>depth/camera_info</depthImageCameraInfoTopicName>
<frameName>camera_depth_optical_frame</frameName>
<baseline>0.1</baseline>
<distortion_k1>0.0</distortion_k1>
<distortion_k2>0.0</distortion_k2>
<distortion_k3>0.0</distortion_k3>
<distortion_t1>0.0</distortion_t1>
<distortion_t2>0.0</distortion_t2>
<pointCloudCutoff>0.4</pointCloudCutoff>
</plugin>
</sensor>
</gazebo>
</xacro:macro>
<!-- RPLidar LIDAR for simulation
<xacro:macro name="rplidar_laser">
<gazebo reference="base_laser_link">
<sensor type="ray" name="laser">
<pose>0 0 0 0 0 0</pose>
<visualize>false</visualize>
<update_rate>5.5</update_rate>
<ray>
<scan>
<horizontal>
<samples>360</samples>
<resolution>1</resolution>
<min_angle>-3.1415926</min_angle>
<max_angle>3.1415926</max_angle>
</horizontal>
</scan>
<range>
<min>0.10</min>
<max>6.0</max>
<resolution>0.01</resolution>
</range>
<noise>
<type>Gaussian</type>
<mean>0.0</mean>
<stddev>0.01</stddev>
</noise>
</ray>
<plugin name="rplidar_node" filename="libgazebo_ros_laser.so">
<topicName>/scan</topicName>
<frameName>base_laser_link</frameName>
</plugin>
</sensor>
</gazebo>
</xacro:macro>
-->
<xacro:macro name="turtlebot_sim_2dsensor">
<gazebo reference="hokuyo_link">
<sensor type="ray" name="head_hokuyo_sensor">
<pose>0 0 0 0 0 0</pose>
<visualize>false</visualize>
<update_rate>40</update_rate>
<ray>
<scan>
<horizontal>
<samples>720</samples>
<resolution>1</resolution>
<min_angle>-1.570796</min_angle>
<max_angle>1.570796</max_angle>
</horizontal>
</scan>
<range>
<min>0.10</min>
<max>30.0</max>
<resolution>0.01</resolution>
</range>
<noise>
<type>gaussian</type>
<mean>0.0</mean>
<stddev>0.01</stddev>
</noise>
</ray>
<plugin name="gazebo_ros_head_hokuyo_controller" filename="libgazebo_ros_laser.so">
<!--topicName>/turtlebot/laser/scan</topicName-->
<topicName>scan</topicName>
<frameName>hokuyo_link</frameName>
</plugin>
</sensor>
</gazebo>
</xacro:macro>
</robot>
此處注意hokuyo_link部件名稱和前邊的hokuyo_link對應,才能模擬處實際感測器資料。此處資料釋出在<topicName>/turtlebot/laser/scan</topicName>
中的/turtlebot/laser/scan
主題上。
修改環境變數
sudo vi .bashrc
#在最後新增以下內容
#For gazebo
export TURTLEBOT_BASE=kobuki
export TURTLEBOT_STACKS=hexagons
export TURTLEBOT_3D_SENSOR=hokuyo
之後執行,正常,鐳射有資料,話題/scan正常
檢查kobuki_hexagons_hokuyo.urdf.xacro問題,以及執行一下程式碼(需要修改)
roslaunch turtlebot_gazebo explorer.launch
roslaunch turtlebot_teleop keyboard_teleop.launch
roslaunch turtlebot_gazebo gmapping_demo.launch
roslaunch turtlebot_rviz_launchers view_navigation.launch